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Immuno Sero > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

CELLS AND TISSUES OF INNATE IMMUNITY

A

• Phagocytes
• Antigen presenting cells
• Natural killer cells
• Inflammatory cells

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2
Q

Function:
o Engulf and destroy antigens.
✓ And because of that it protects the body from bacteria and viruses.

A

Phagocytes

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3
Q

• Two types of phagocytes in the blood:

A

o Monocyte
o Leukocyte

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4
Q

Synthesis of biologically active molecules

A

Monocyte

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5
Q

Monocyte
These molecules that are produced by biological active molecules are what we call

A

Cytokines

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6
Q

May function as APC (Antigen Presenting Cells)

A

Monocyte

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7
Q

Largest white blood cells

A

Monocyte

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8
Q

MACROPHAGE DERIVED CYTOKINES

A

Interleukin - 1
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Interleukin - 6
Interleukin - 12

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9
Q

Stimulates hepatic cells to secrete CRP (opsonin)

A

Interleukin - 6

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10
Q

Activates NK cells to secrete gamma interferon (IFNy), which enhances cytotoxic ability of activated macrophages

A

Interleukin - 12

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11
Q

which enhances cytotoxic ability of activated macrophages

A

Gamma interferon (IFNy)

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12
Q

Short-lived circulating PMNs (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

A

Neutrophil

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13
Q

Called PMNs because of the

A

Many shapes of their nucleus

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14
Q

Very first cells that migrate to site of infection (within 2-3 hours)

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

• Pus cells
• Constitutes the most number of WBC ______
• Smaller that monocyte
o That is why it is called _____

A

57–65%
Microphage

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16
Q

If you’ll notice here, the neutrophils are usually found inside a blood vessel, What type of blood vessel could this be?

A

Capillary

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17
Q

they roll and then they adhere to the wall of the blood vessel and eventually they go out of the blood vessel and this process where in the blood cells go out of the blood vessels is known as

A

Diapedesis

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18
Q

The phagocytes move into the area of invasion and attaches itself to the microorganism
▪ Theacttachmentismediatedbyavariety of service receptors including antibody, lipopolysaccharides, and complement receptors for example

A

c3b

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19
Q

component of complement codes bacteria and then binds to c3b receptors on the phagocyte.

A

c3b

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20
Q

This process of coding to enhance phagocytosis is called _______

A

opsonization

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21
Q

The microorganism is then engulfed by the phagocyte into a vacuole known as the _______

A

phagosome

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22
Q

Vesicles in the cytoplasm called _______ fuse with the phagosome releasing digestive enzymes such as lysozyme and proteases into the phagosome

A

lysosomes

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23
Q

The structure that resulted from this fusion is called ________

A

phagolysosome

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24
Q

Inside the phagolysosome, microorganisms are __________

A

killed and digested

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25
Q

Finally, the digested contents of the phagolysosome are eliminated from the site by ______…_…

A

exocytosis

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26
Q

Surface of the cell is

A

Not smooth, covered by chemicals that acts as receptors

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27
Q

Steps in phagocytosis

A

Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment/Digestion
Degredation
Exocytosis

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28
Q

This is the time when your phagocyte is able to distinguish that something is non self.

A

Initiation

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29
Q

Initiation

There are receptors in the surface of the cells that tells it something is foreign and
these receptors can either be;

A

o CR3
o Lamina receptor o Leucyl-formyl-methionyl- phenylalanine receptor

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30
Q

Initiation
Interaction may be

A

Direct and Indirect

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31
Q

The phagocyte can distinguish that the cell or that something is foreign because it can detect the cell itself

A

Direct interaction
Initiation

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32
Q

The phagocyte does not actually detect the cell itself as foreign but rather it detects markers on the surface of the cell at kung meron yun automatically foreign yun.
Kailangan may marker

A

Indirect Interaction
Initiation

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33
Q

Faster mode of initiation is

A

Indirect initiation

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34
Q

the coating in the bacteria that detects the phagocyte that this is something that is non-self is what you called ________.

A

opsonin

35
Q

o They facilitate the inititation of the phagocyte with the antigen
o Are very important because they help the phagocytes in easily identifying what is non-self, pag nakakita siya ng opsonin automatically go action kaagad, so that is initiation again it can be direct or indirect.

A

Opsonins

36
Q

Movement due to chemicals

A

Chemotaxis

37
Q

▪ Chemo means “_________” and
▪ Taxis means “_______________”

A

chemical
movement

38
Q

Chemotaxis Can either be:

A

Positive and negative

39
Q

Chemotaxis

Movement is towards the
chemicals.

A

Positive chemotaxis

40
Q

Chemotaxis
Instead of going towards the
activator, the cells will tend to go
away from the activator.

A

Negative chemotaxis

41
Q

So basically, _________ is when it invites others to the site after the recognition of non-self components.

A

chemotaxis

42
Q

Causes chemotaxis

A

Chemotaxins

43
Q

Bacterial products of chemotaxis

A

Toxins and enzymes

44
Q

▪ Dead/Damagedcells/tissues
▪ Antigen/antibodycomplexes
▪ Biochemical factors produced
activation.
▪ Formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine

A

Chemotaxins

45
Q

Where the phagocyte will ingest the non-self component.

A

Engulfment/Digestion

46
Q

o Process: Extend the cytoplasm out ad engulfing the microorganism and forming __________ (vacuole)

A

phagosome

47
Q

o Fusion of lysosome with phagosome, which results from the formation of the phagolysosome.

A

Degradation

48
Q

After the bacteria is placed on the phagosome it
fuses with ________

A

lysosome

49
Q

▪ are the ones that are parts of the cells
which contain hydrolytic enzymes to
clean up the cell usually

A

lysosome

50
Q

So the lysosome will fuse with the phagosome and
will form what you call as a phagolysosome and then the lysosome will release substances into the phagolysosome so that the bacteria can get killed and that’s what we call __________

A

Degradation

51
Q

First you release lysosomal contents like:

A

o Defensins
o Lactoferrins
o Lysozymes

52
Q

Then bobombahan siya ng ________… which is toxic to microorganisms

A

nitrix oxide

53
Q

Finally the one that actually kills or is effective in killing of microorganisms is because of the activation of __________,

A

NADPH oxidase

54
Q

Finally the one that actually kills or is effective in killing of microorganisms is because of the activation of NADPH oxidase, or the release of these substances such as:

A

o superoxide anion
o hydrogen peroxide
o hydroxyl radicals

55
Q

o Undigested part produced will be expressed on
its surface (known as epitope or antigen) o Ito ay nilalabas in the process that we call

A

Exocytosis

56
Q

Exocytosis
Undigested part produced will be expressed on
its surface (known as ___________)

A

epitope or antigen

57
Q

Antigen presenting cells are able to:

A

o Endocytose antigens
o Degrade them
o Display antigen fragments

58
Q

can also serve as antigen presenting cells.

A

Macrophages

59
Q

They present antigen to the adaptive immunity because adaptive immunity is not activated so they do not recognize antigens, they recognize only through presentation by

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

60
Q

Functions against viral infection and some tumors

A

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

61
Q

function is to kill cells that are infected with virus because most of the virus are intracellular and some tumors.

A

Natural Killer Cells

62
Q

Receptor of Natural Killer Cells

A

FcyR

63
Q

FcyR
o That means that this can detect the ______, the type of antibody.

A

IgG

64
Q

lower part of the antibody

(Gamma)

which is the receptor.

A

Fc
y
R

65
Q

Releases perforin

A

NK Cells

66
Q

▪ means you make holes parang iniistab stab ang cell to perforate and then it lyses.

A

Perforin

67
Q

Known as ADCC
Spell

A

NK cell
Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

68
Q

Bakit antibody dependent ang NK Cell, because it should be mediated by:

A

▪ Antibody which is IgG
▪ Cellular because its cell natural killer,
▪ Cytotoxicity because it kills other cells.

69
Q

Inflammatory Cells

A

Eosinophil and basophil/mast cell

70
Q

Activated in response to parasitic infections

A

Eosinophil

71
Q

Receptor of Eosinophil

A

FcɛR

72
Q

Fc epsilon R, that means that it can only detect ____.

A

IgE

73
Q

Eosinophils release _________________ in oder to kill the parasite

A

Eosinophils release MBP (major basic protein) and Eosinophil cationic proteins

74
Q

When activated, they degranulate and release histamine

A

Basophil/Mast Cells

75
Q

Targeting opsonin receptors with labeled antibody and measuring the amount of label

A

Recognition

76
Q

ASSESSING DYSFUNCTION IN PHAGOCYTES

A

RECOGNITION
INGESTION
BACTERIAL KILLING
PHAGOCYTE MIGRATION TO THE SITE OF INFECTION

77
Q

• Label the bacteria
• Allow phagocytosis to occur
• Determine number of bacteria (outside, on and within the
phagocyte)

A

Ingestion

78
Q

We use this to know if the bacteria is still alive or it is not.

A

2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MMT)

79
Q

Bacterial killing dye

A

3(4,4 dimethyl thiazoyl-2-yl)

80
Q

cells will migrate to the top you examine if they will migrate to the top that is how you will see if the phagocyte is actually reacting to the chemotaxin or not because if they are not that means there’s an abnormality in your phagocyte so
hindi sila effective.

A

Boyden Chamber Assay

81
Q

you have three holes, on the center you place your sample, one well you place a chemotaxin (left hole) on the other well you place a non-chemotaxin (right hole) like water. Basically, after some time the cell should migrate towards the chemotaxin, magkakaroon yan ng band where the cells are. Dapat the cells are farther from the well to the chemotaxin than they are to the this substance (right hole) na hindi chemotaxin.

A

Migration Through Agaros

82
Q

This is a very important process because activation of this really give the final blow to the microorganism
o So if this is not activated you will have recurring infection

A

Activation of NADPH oxidase

83
Q

PHAGOCYTE MIGRATION TO THE SITE OF INFECTION uses

A

Nitroblue Tetrazolium

84
Q

It’s a clear yellow dye but during the process of
phagocytosis the NADPH oxidase is activated, then it turns into blue (right: refer to the picture below).

A

Nitroblue Tetrazolium

Immuno Sero (4 decks)

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