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Immunology Exam 1 > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immune System -

  1. existing from ___
  2. ___ present
  3. ___ phase of the immune response
A
  1. birth (inborn)
  2. naturally
  3. first
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2
Q

PRRs -

  1. Stands for ?
  2. What are they?
  3. ___ number of receptors
  4. examples (4)
A
  1. Pattern recognition receptors
  2. receptors of the innate immune system that recognize common molecular patters on pathogen surface
  3. limited
  4. toll like receptors, LPS (CD14), scavenger receptor, glucan receptor
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3
Q

PAMPs -

  1. stands for?
  2. molecules specifically associated with groups of ____ (not shared by ___) that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system
A
  1. pathogen associated molecular patterns

2. pathogens, host cells

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4
Q

The innate immune system is comprised of what four important factors?

A
  1. complement proteins
  2. professional phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)
  3. natural killer cells
  4. dendritic cells (also associated with adaptive immune response
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5
Q

Complement System -

  1. “____”, mark ___ to get eaten by phagocytes (___)
  2. act as ____ to attract phagocytes
  3. make ___, ____ cell membrane
  4. complements the ___ of antibodies
  5. targets pathogen for both (2) by ___ such as (2) ?
A
  1. poor mans antibodies, bad guys, opsonization
  2. chemical signals
  3. membrane attach complexes (MACs), lyse bacterial
  4. activities
  5. lysis and phagocytosis, effector cells such as macrophages and neutrophils
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6
Q

Complement System -

  1. roughly # proteins
  2. ___ is the primary source that makes the proteins, ___ can also make several complement proteins (list the four)
  3. proteins highly concentrated in (2)
  4. Require activation through what three pathways? which is antibody dependent?
A
  1. 20
  2. liver, activated macrophages, C1, C3, factor B and D
  3. blood and tissues
  4. alternative, lectin, and classical (antibody dependent)
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7
Q

Main functions of compliment proteins -

  1. list three
  2. Opsonization ( ____ antibodies): explain
  3. enhances bactericidal actions of phagocytes: explain
  4. kills pathogens (___ antibodies): explain
A
  1. opsoniazation, enhances bactericidal actions of phagocytes, kills pathogens
  2. like, coats pathogen surface enabling phagocytes to engulf and destroy pathogen
  3. “compliments” the activities of antibodies
  4. pokes holes in cells by forming membrane attack complexes (MACs)
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8
Q

Alternate Pathway -

  1. ___ is showering the body with the production of ___
  2. certain complement proteins ____ and attach to surfaces
  3. ___ are NOT needed
  4. this type of activation of the complement system is an ?
A
  1. liver, complement proteins
  2. “spontaneously” activate
  3. antibodies
  4. “alternative” to using antibodies
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9
Q

Alternate Pathway -

  1. __ floats around, but will spontaneously split into # parts
  2. list them
  3. C3b with either (2)
  4. C3b binds to either (2) groups which are very common
  5. The default option in this system is ___: any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targeted for destruction
A
  1. C3,2
  2. C3a and C3b
  3. get neutralized by water within 60 microseconds OR bind to a bad guy’s (bacteria) surface
  4. amino or hydroxyl
  5. death
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10
Q

Alternative Pathway -

1. the most abundant complement protein ___ is constantly being divided into ___

A
  1. C3, C3a and C3b
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11
Q

Alternate Pathway -

  1. another complement protein ___ attaches to ___
  2. C3 becomes ___
  3. another complement protein __ comes along and changes C3Bb to ___, which does what?
  4. __ + ___ = ___
  5. ____ can split more C3 and C5
A
  1. B, C3b
  2. C3Bb
  3. D, C3bBb, acts as a buzz saw, splitting both C3 and C5
  4. C3Bb + D = C3bBb
  5. C3bBb (convertase)
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12
Q

Alternate Pathway -

  1. ___ causes ___ to split
  2. this results in more ___ coat the invader
A
  1. C3bBb, other C3 complement proteins

2. C3bBb complement proteins to

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13
Q

Alternate Pathway -

  1. C3bBb interacts with ___
  2. ___ activates it by splitting it into __ and __
  3. The new ___ with combine with other complement proteins (4)
  4. The result is a ____
  5. What to those do?
A
  1. C5
  2. convertase, C5a and C5b
  3. C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
  4. Membrane attack complex (MAC)
  5. they drill a hole in the bacteria’s membrane = dead bacteria
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14
Q

Chemoattractants -

  1. consist of (2)
  2. attract and activate (2)
A
  1. C3a and C5a

2. macrophages and neutrophils

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15
Q

Human Protection -

1. What are the three protections proteins?

A
  1. MCP
  2. Protein DAF
  3. Protectin
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16
Q

Protection Proteins - MCP

  1. Stands for?
  2. code
  3. present on ___ cells
  4. what does it do?
A
  1. membrane cofactor of proteolysis
  2. CD 46
  3. human
  4. cleves both C3b and C4b into an inactive form
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17
Q

Protection Proteins - Protein DAF

  1. Stands for?
  2. on the surface of ___
  3. what does it do?
A
  1. decay accelerating factor
  2. our cells
  3. accelerates the destruction of convertase (C3bBb)
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18
Q

Protection Proteins - Protectin

  1. code
  2. a ___ protein
  3. what does it do?
A
  1. CD59
  2. cell surface
  3. removes MACs before they drill holes
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19
Q

Lectin Activation Pathway -

  1. What is MBL?
  2. produced primarily in the ___
  3. present in moderate amounts in (2)
  4. Lectin is a protein that attaches to ____
  5. MBL binds to ___
  6. MBL activates the ___ by binding ___ which clips C3 to make ___
  7. Mannose is a ___ found ___, list 4 examples
  8. Not found in ____
A
  1. Mannose-binding lectin protein
  2. liver
  3. blood and tissues
  4. a carbohydrate molecule
  5. mannose
  6. complement system, MASP (MBL associated serine protein), C3b
  7. monosaccharide, on the surface of many pathogens, yeast, viruses, bacteria, parasites
  8. in human cells
20
Q

Classical Pathway -

  1. ___ dependent
  2. When an antibody binds to a bacterial surface its ___ provides a platform to activate ___
  3. once antibodies are produced compliment activation is substantially ___
  4. both compliment and antibodies do what?
A
  1. antibody
  2. Fc region (tail), C1 (the first protein of the compliment system
  3. increased
  4. coat pathogen surface and enables phagocytes to engulf and destroy bacteria phagocytes might otherwise not recognize
21
Q

Professional Phagocytes -

  1. What are the two main functions of sentinel phagocytes?
  2. What does the induction of inflammatory response do?
  3. What are the two most important professional phagocytes?
  4. Macrophages roam around in ___
  5. neutrophils roam around in ___
A
  1. engulf and digest invading microorganisms, induction of inflammatory response
  2. recruits new phagocytic cells and circulating effector molecules to site of infection
  3. macrophages and neutrophils
  4. tissue
  5. blood
22
Q

Macrophages -

  1. found all over the place including (3)
  2. What are the three states of readiness?
A
  1. under the skin, lungs, and intestines

2. resting, activated or primed, and hyperactive

23
Q

Resting Macrophage -

  1. casually ___
  2. ___ proliferating
  3. express very few ___
  4. live for ___ in ___
  5. monocytes circulate in ___, exit and differentiate in ___ to macrophages
  6. give rise to ____
A
  1. eating or snacking
  2. slowly
  3. Class II MHCs
  4. months, tissue
  5. blood, tissues
  6. dendritic cells
24
Q

Primed Macrophage -

  1. converts from resting to primed after receiving ___
  2. eat ___
  3. express __ Class II MHCs, function much more as ___, work much more with ___
  4. ___ can prime a macrophage, example
  5. can produce ___ (3)
A
  1. a signal that there are bad guys in the area
  2. much more (bigger bites)
  3. more, antigen presenting cell, helper T cells
  4. many chemical signals, interferon gamma (IFN-y)
  5. C3, factor B, factor D
25
Q

Hyperactive macrophage -

  1. converts from primed to hyperactive after receiving a ___ from a bad guy, list two examples
  2. stops ___
  3. focuses all its attention on ___
  4. grows ___
  5. increases ___
  6. emits ___
A
  1. direct signal, LPS and mannose from a bacterial cell wall
  2. proliferating
  3. killing
  4. larger (big enough to eat whole cells)
  5. rate of eating
  6. cytokines (TNF)
26
Q

Hyperactive Macrophage -

  1. increased number of ___
  2. increased production of ___
  3. besides eating bad guys the hyperactive macrophage can ?
A
  1. lysosomes
  2. ROS (reactive oxygen species)
  3. dump its toxic contents on the bigger bad guys (multicellular parasites)
27
Q

Macrophages -

  1. ___ while resting
  2. ___ when activated
  3. ___ when hyperactivated
A
  1. garbage collector
  2. antigen presenting cell and killer
  3. vicious killer
28
Q

Neutrophils -

  1. MC content in the ___
  2. ___ lived
  3. recently has been shown to present antigen in both (2)
  4. can exit blood and become activated in about ___
  5. list three characteristics of neutrophils
A
  1. blood
  2. short (5 days)
  3. mice and humans
  4. 30 minutes
  5. incredible eaters, emit harsh chemistry, and send out powerful signal molecules (TNF)
29
Q

Neutrophils -

  1. travel ___ through the blood
  2. ___ in this state
  3. must receive some sort of signal that bad guys are present, in must then do what?
  4. ___ strategy for leaving the blood
A
  1. rapidly
  2. inactive
  3. slow down and exit the blood
  4. roll, stop, exit
30
Q

Adhesion molecules -

1. List four

A
  1. SEL
  2. SLIG
  3. ICAM
  4. INT
31
Q

Adhesion Molecules - SEL

  1. stands for
  2. expressed by ___ that line blood vessels after receiving alarm signals
  3. binds to ___
A
  1. selectin
  2. endothelial cells
  3. selectin ligand
32
Q

Adhesion Molecules - SLIG

  1. stands for
  2. expressed on the ___
A
  1. selectin ligand

2. surface of neutrophils

33
Q

Adhesion Molecules - ICAM

  1. stands for
  2. always expressed on lumen surface of ___
A
  1. intercellular adhesion molecule

2. capillary endothelial cells

34
Q

Adhesion Molecules - INT

  1. stands for
  2. __ and ___ transported to the surface of the ___ after being signaled
  3. strongly binds to ___
A
  1. integrin
  2. pre-made and rapidly, neutrophil
  3. ICAM
35
Q

Adhesion Molecules -

1. __ and ___ are NOT a match

A
  1. SLIG and ICAM
36
Q

Neutrophils -

  1. ___ help
  2. when macrophages are primed or hyperactivated they express ___, which does what?
  3. Capillary endothelial cells express ___, stimulated by (2) and takes about ___
  4. Neutrophil slows enough to sense ___, ___ on capillaries binds to ___ on the neutrophil
A
  1. macrophages
  2. signal molecules (IL-1 and TNF), lets the neutrophil know a bad guy is present, causes a sequence of events to allow the neutrophil to exit the blood
  3. selectin (SEL), IL-1 and TNF, 6hrs
  4. inflammation, SEL, SLIG
37
Q

Neutrophils -

  1. transports ___ to its surface
  2. speed?
  3. integrin binds to ___ and then does what?
  4. neutrophils exit the blood and enter the tissue, attracted by ?
  5. all bacterial proteins begin with a special initiator AA called ___. Less than .1% of all human proteins contain this AA. As they ingest bacteria, macrophages burp up f-met peptides.
A
  1. integrin ING
  2. very fast (already made and stored)
  3. ICAM, stops
  4. the chemistry of the area (C5a and bacterial fragments)
  5. formyl methionine (f-met)
38
Q

Failsafe -

  1. ___ is on the endothelial capillary cells all the time
  2. ___ is on the neutrophil all the time
  3. must have ___ expressed before neutrophils invade
  4. must have ___ released before neutrophils invade
A
  1. ICAM
  2. SLIG
  3. SEL
  4. INT
39
Q

Neutrophils -

  1. about 20 billion neutrophils in the ___
  2. may present ____
  3. can exit blood and become activated in about ___
  4. list the three important characteristics
A
  1. blood
  2. antigens (cross presentation)
  3. 30 minutes
  4. incredible eaters, emit harsh chemistry, send out powerful signal molecules (TNF)
40
Q

Natural Killer Cells -

  1. ___ (with T and B cells)
  2. ___ lived
  3. most found in (3)
  4. ___ strategy for leaving the blood
  5. ___ rapidly
  6. Can produce ___ early in an immune response which can stimulate ___
A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. short (one week)
  3. blood, or liver and spleen
  4. roll, stop, exit
  5. proliferate
  6. IFN y, macrophages
41
Q

NK cells -

  1. able to kill certain ___ in vitro without need for specific immunization
  2. early component of ____
  3. Can recognize and kill (3) cells
  4. What are the two roles of NK cells?
A
  1. tumor cell
  2. host response to viral infection (peak 2-3 days)
  3. virus infected, altered, or stressed cells
  4. Produces cytokines (like T helper cells), and force infected or cancerous cells to commit suicide (can kill like CTLs) (inject granzyme B or FAS ligand binds with FAS protein)
42
Q

NK Cells - Perforin/Granzyme B

  1. perforin does what?
  2. they inject ___ that cause the cell to die (apoptosis)
A
  1. pokes a hole in the membrane

2. enzymes (Granzyme B)

43
Q

NK Cells - Fas ligand

  1. fas ligand on ___ binds to fas protein on ___
  2. interaction triggers ___
  3. Fas is a ___ protein in the ___ family
A
  1. NK cells, invader
  2. suicide (apoptosis)
  3. transmembrane, TNF
44
Q

NK Cells -

  1. ___ is cleaner than ___
  2. Necrosis has the cells contents spilling all over the place and increasing ___
  3. apoptosis has the cells contents ___
  4. ___ clean these up
A
  1. apoptosis, necrosis
  2. inflammation
  3. wrapped up in membrane bound vesicles
  4. macrophages
45
Q

NK Cells -

  1. MHC I receptors: ___ signal, recognize ____
  2. activating receptors (____), bind to (2) on the cell’s surface, ___ signal, recognize molecules being produced by ___, also kill cells not expressing ___
  3. IgG3 receptors: bind ___ of ___, Ab forms a bridge b/w (2), causes?
  4. NK cells do NOT have ___
A
  1. don’t kill, normal molecules being produced in your cells
  2. PRRs, unusual carbohydrate or protein, Kill, virus or cancerous cell, MHC molecules
  3. Fc region, IgG, target and NK cell, NK cell to kill target (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
  4. T cell receptors
46
Q

NK Cells -

  1. Activation: resting = ____, activated = ____
  2. Signals that activate NK cells (6)
  3. interferons are usually given off by ?
A
  1. make some cytokines and can kill, make many more cytokines and more effective killers (IFNy prime macrophages, IL-2 is a GF that causes NK cell to proliferate when expressing IL-2 receptors)
  2. Lack of MHCs, LPS (component of bacterial cell walls, can also stim macrophages), IFNa, IFNb, TNF from hyperactivated macrophages upregulates NK cell IL-2 receptors, IL-12 from primed or hyperactivated macrophages
  3. by cells under viral attack
47
Q

Innate Immune System -

  1. Composed of (3)
  2. List three professional phagocytes
  3. what are dendritic cells
A
  1. Complement proteins, professional phagocytes, and NK cells
  2. neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
  3. liaison b/w innate and adaptive immune system

Immunology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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