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Immunology Exam 1 > B Cells and Antibodies > Flashcards

B Cells and Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Types -

  1. List Lymphoid lineage cells (6)
  2. List Myloid Lineage cells (8)
  3. What is the only cell that comes from both lineages?
A
  1. regulatory, NK, Th, Tk, B, and dendritic
  2. macrophage, dendritic, megakaryocyte, eosinophil, mast, neutrophil, RBC, and basophils
  3. dendrtitic
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2
Q

B Cells and antibodies -

  1. ___ cells (from ___), make ___
  2. # billion cells in the blood
  3. 100 million kinds of __ cells
  4. in order to defend against all possible intruders we need the 100 million divers ___.
A
  1. White blood, bone marrow, antibodies
  2. 3
  3. B cells
  4. B cells
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3
Q

Antibodies -

  1. otherwise called ___
  2. ___ shaped proteins that attaché to ___, usually __ or ___
  3. helps do what?
A
  1. immunoglobins
  2. “y”, antigens, carbohydrate or protein
  3. identify and destroy harmful non-self
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4
Q

Definitions -

  1. Antigen
  2. Cognate Antigen
  3. Epitope
  4. Paratope
A
  1. something that causes that immune system to create antibodies specifically targeting that something
  2. antigen that a given B cell’s receptors recognize
  3. antigenic determinant, part of the antigen that the antibody recognizes and attaches
  4. part of the antibody that recognizes and attaches to the epitope
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5
Q

To account for all the possible forms of “non-self” (all possible organic molecules of the universe), antibodies need to recognize ___

A

approximately 100,000,000 different molecules

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6
Q

Our Needs -

  1. incredible ability to create diversity in ___
  2. ___ response to make more B cells to combat a specific antigen
  3. ___ ability to create antibodies specific to the antigen
  4. incredible ability to ___ antibodies
  5. create a ___ of the antigen
A
  1. antibody structure
  2. rapid
  3. rapid
  4. fine tune
  5. long lasting memory
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7
Q

What are the two ways of creating antibody diversity?

A

modular design and junctional diversity

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8
Q

Making antibodies -

  1. antibodies are ___ that are made in ___
  2. B cells must __ and ___ antibodies like any other protein
A
  1. proteins, B cells

2. transcribe and translate

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9
Q
  1. DNA dogma: each person’s cells have ___

2. B cell DNA has ___

A
  1. the same DNA

2. much more variety

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10
Q

Genetic Code -

  1. successive ____
  2. each three consecutive bases represent one ___
  3. what is a codon
A
  1. triplets of bases
  2. AA
  3. three successive base pairs
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11
Q

Antibody Diversity -

  1. explain modular design
  2. when a B cell becomes an “adult” it chooses ___
A
  1. there are multiple copies of four gene segments that code the antibody’s heavy chain
  2. one kind of gene segment from the four “buffets”
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12
Q

The light chain lacks ___

A

D

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13
Q

Antibody Diversity -

  1. The “Fc Region” is a ___
  2. this codes for the ___ region
  3. (2) are the default for making the ___, they are first in line
A
  1. string of gene segments
  2. constant
  3. IgM and IgD, BCR
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14
Q

Antibody Diversity -

  1. Modular Design: the light chain has ___, this can create # different antibodies
  2. Junctional Diversity: additional DNA bases are ___ when the gene segments are joined together. This brings the B cell’s ability to make different antibodies up to about #
A
  1. more gene segments to choose from, 10 million

2. added or subtracted, 100 million

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15
Q

B Cells -

  1. The antibodies are attached to the ___
  2. they are called ___
  3. How do they differ?
  4. each B cell has about # BCRs
  5. the B cell fishes for its ___
  6. what is likelihood of finding it?
A
  1. surface
  2. B cell receptors or BCRs
  3. they are all the same
  4. 100,000
  5. specific match (cognate antigen)
  6. most never find it, some do
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16
Q

B Cell Activation -

  1. B cells that have never encountered their cognate antigen are called ___ B cells
  2. B cells that have been activated are called ____ B cells
A
  1. “naïve” or “virgin”

2. “experienced”

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17
Q

Activating the B Cell -

  1. B cells need # signals to be activated
  2. What are they
A
  1. 2

2. clustering of B cell receptors, co-stimulatory signal (T cell dependent, T cell independent (pattern recognition))

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18
Q

T or F

B Cells cannot activate without T Cells?

A

False

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19
Q

Signaling the Nucleus -

  1. B cell encounters it ___
  2. ___ binds to the ___
  3. multiple antigens or multiple sights on the antigen bind to ___
  4. BCRs ___ or ___
  5. explain
A
  1. cognate antigen
  2. paratope, epitope
  3. BCRs
  4. cluster or crosslink
  5. Iga and IgB interact with enzymes inside the cell, when clustered together the signal is big enough to activate the nucleus
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20
Q

Signaling the Nucleus -

  1. B cells have another protein (____) on their membranes
  2. B cell’s ___ can bind to the ___
  3. B cells ___ can bind to the ___ which are found to the antigen
  4. When (2) are brought together on an opsonized antigen, there is a massive ___ in the number of BCRs that need to be ____ to signal to the nucleus
A
  1. complement receptor
  2. BCRs, antigen
  3. complement receptors, complement protein
  4. BCR and complement receptors, decrease
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21
Q

Co-Stimulation -

  1. usually the B cell is stimulated by (2)
  2. This is considered ____
  3. some antigens have repeating patterns (repeating disaccharides) and will ____ the BCRs.
  4. This is considered ____
A
  1. antigen and a helper T cell
  2. T cell dependent co-stimulation
  3. heavily cluster the BCRs
  4. T cell independent co-stimulation
22
Q

T Cell Dependent Co Stimulation -

  1. B cell endocytosis its ___
  2. The B cell presents the peptides to the ___ via the ____
  3. The ___co- simulates the B cells
A
  1. cognate antigen
  2. helper T cell, B cells MHC II molecules
  3. helper T
23
Q

T Cell Dependent Co-Stimulation -

  1. The B cell encounters its ___
  2. some of the cognate antigen is ___
  3. The peptide fragments of the cognate antigen are presented on ___ on the surface of the ___
  4. T cell meets its cognate antigen (___ peptide on the ___)
A
  1. cognate antigen
  2. endocytosed
  3. MHC IIs of the surface of the B Cell
  4. MHC II peptide on the B cell
24
Q

Dual Confirmation -

  1. B cell meets its cognate antigen (3)
  2. T cell meets its cognate antigen ( ___ from ___)
A
  1. carb, fat, or protein

2. peptide fragment from B cell’s cognate antigen

25
Q

Un-natural T cell co-stimulation -

  1. antigen (___) binds to B cell molecules that are ___
  2. These molecules ___
  3. ___ associated with these molecules get forced to cluster
  4. the signal is sent and is ___ dependent on the recognition of the cognate antigen for that B cell
  5. certain ___ have highly repetitive structures that bind to these molecules
  6. results in a ___ of B cells
A
  1. mitogen, NOT BCRs
  2. cluster
  3. BCRs
  4. NOT
  5. parasites
  6. polyclonal activation
26
Q

B Cells -

  1. When a signal is sufficient B cell does what?
  2. This takes how long and results in ___
  3. Most B cells become ___
  4. Some B cells become ___
  5. Many B cells now contain ___
  6. Most now are producing ____, explain
  7. One plasma cell can produce ___ antibodies per second
A
  1. doubles in size and divides
  2. 12 hrs per growth and division for about a week, 20,000 identical B Cells
  3. plasma cells (antibody factories)
  4. memory B cells
  5. same BCRs
  6. antibodies, these antibodies lack an anchor (not attaching to B cell), and enter the blood stream
  7. 2000
27
Q

B Cell Maturation -

  1. after activation and proliferation B cells go through a ____ process
  2. What three steps are included?
A
  1. maturation

2. somatic hypermutation, career decision, and class switching

28
Q

Somatic Hypermutation -

  1. BCR genes undergo (2)
  2. this creates ___ affinity of the BCR for its cognate antigen
A
  1. mutation and selection

2. greater

29
Q

Career Decision -

  1. B cell may become a ____
  2. B cell may become a ____
A
  1. plasma cell (antibody factory)

2. memory cell

30
Q

Class Switching -

1. B cell changes the ___ of an antibody it ___

A
  1. class, produces
31
Q

Somatic Hypermutation -

  1. ____ mutation rate (___), one mutated base pair per 100 million bases per ____
  2. On B cell chromosome (regions contacting (3) segments
  3. very ____ to these chromosomes and these regions
  4. occurs after the (3) segments have been ___
A
  1. normal cell, human cells, DNA replication cycle
  2. V, D, and J gene
  3. restricted
  4. V, D, and J gene, selected
32
Q

Somatic Hypermutation -

  1. This changes the ____
  2. may ___ the affinity of the antibody for its cognate antigen
  3. the affinity of the antibody for its cognate antigen is ___
  4. if maturing B cells are going to continue to ___, they need an ongoing signal, they must be continually ____
  5. B cells maturing toward ___ affinity BCRs are ___ more easily and multiply and vise versa
  6. Someatic Hypermutation results in B cells with BCRS having a ___ affinity for their cognate antigen
  7. Maturation results in immune system ____
A
  1. antigen binding region of the antibody
  2. increase/decrease
  3. unchanged
  4. proliferate, re-stimulated
  5. higher, stimulated
  6. higher
  7. “fine tuning”
33
Q

What are the two career choices?

A

plasma or memory

34
Q

Plasma Cell -

  1. ___ factory
  2. usually goes back to the (2)
  3. produces up to ___ antibodies per second
  4. lives for ___
A
  1. antibody
  2. spleen or bone marrow
  3. 2000
  4. only a few days
35
Q

Memory B Cells -

  1. unclear as to how they make a career choice, but it does seem to require ___ interaction
  2. Lives for ___
  3. decline when
A
  1. helper T cell ( with CD40)
  2. greater than 50 years
  3. post immunization
36
Q

Class Switching -

  1. Antibodies fall into (5) classes
  2. the class of antibody is determined by ___ of its ___ chain
  3. class switching happens when the B cells ____
  4. When a naïve B cell is first activated it makes mainly ___ antibodies
  5. Without ___ help, B cells unable to class switch and can only make ___
A
  1. IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
  2. the constant (Fc) region, heavy
  3. cut and paste different constant regions
  4. IgM
  5. T cell, IgM
37
Q

Antibody Classes -

  1. What are the four MAIN classes?
  2. each has ___
A
  1. GAME

2. unique abilities

38
Q

Antibodies -

  1. What are their three functions?
  2. Opsonization - followed by __ by ___
  3. Neutralization of exotoxins - follow by ___ by ____
  4. Activation of compliment - followed by ___ and ___ by ___
A
  1. Opsonization, Neutralization of exotoxins, activation of compliment
  2. ingestion, macrophage
  3. ingestion, macrophage
  4. lysis (compliment), ingestion, macrophage
39
Q

IgG -

  1. # subclasses (different ___)
  2. Once fixes ___
  3. one helps bind ___
  4. one opsonizes pathogens for ___
  5. Can pass from mothers blood to the fetus via the ___
  6. ___ lived antibody (___)
  7. More IgG in the ___ than any other antibody
  8. Activates ___
A
    1. Fc regions
  2. complement better (IgG3)
  3. natural Killer ceclls better (IgG3)
  4. phagocyte consumption better (IgG1)
  5. placenta
  6. longest, 3 weeks
  7. serum (blood)
  8. the complement system
40
Q

IgA -

  1. main antibody to guard ___
  2. found in (5)
  3. resistant to ___
  4. What does it do?
  5. Most ___ antibody class in the human body
  6. not many in the ___
  7. bind to ___, a specialized transport protein on BL surface of epithelium and transports it to the luminal surface where its released
A
  1. mucosal surfaces
  2. mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk, GI secretions
  3. enzymatic breakdown
  4. coat pathogens and block attachment to mucosal cells
  5. abundant
  6. blood
  7. polymeric Ig receptor
41
Q

IgA -

  1. deficiency is ___ in humans and may be compensated for by ___
  2. useless at binding ___ (Fc region won’t bind ___)
A
  1. common, secretory IgM

2. complement, Ci

42
Q

IgA structure and function -

  1. allows transport into the ___
  2. from ___ can coat the baby’s ___
  3. like two ___ clipped together (____)
  4. can ___ pathogens together
  5. secreted IgA on gut surface do what?
  6. able to bind and neutralize antigens internalized in ___
  7. can export toxins and pathogens from the __ while being secreted
  8. rejected bacteria make up about % of normal ____
A
  1. GI tract
  2. breast milk, GI tract
  3. IgGs, two antigen binding areas
  4. cluster
  5. bind and neutralize pathogens and toxins
  6. endosomes
  7. lamina propria
  8. 30%, fecal matter
43
Q

IgM -

  1. ___ immunoglobulin to be made following antigen recognition
  2. when B cells are first activated, they mainly make ___
  3. size?
  4. half- life is ___
  5. ___ the antigen (___)
  6. activates the ___ (aka ____)
A
  1. first
  2. IgMs
  3. large (equals five IgGs)
  4. about one day
  5. immobilizes, agglutination
  6. complement system, classical pathway
44
Q

IgE -

  1. made in response to ____
  2. allergens are antigens that can cause ___
  3. binds to the surface of ___ cells
  4. first exposure causes ____
  5. ____ not have IgE on their surface
  6. secondary exposure to the allergen is ___
  7. shock is caused by ____
A
  1. allergen exposure
  2. an allergic reaction
  3. mast cells
  4. the first antibodies to be released
  5. long lived mast cells
  6. a bigger response
  7. degranulating mast cells
45
Q

Mast Cells -

  1. ___ blood cells
  2. hang out under ___
  3. life span?
  4. ___ and ___ bacteria
  5. protect against ___
  6. mast cells store ___
  7. binds ___ and waits for more of the same antigen
  8. dumps the harsh chemistry on ___
  9. process ills the parasite, but may cause ___
A
  1. white
  2. body surfaces (skin and mucosa)
  3. live a long time (years)
  4. phagocytize and opsonize
  5. parasites
  6. harsh chemistry (histamine)
  7. IgE
  8. parasites
  9. allergic reaction
46
Q
  1. Upon first exposure to an allergen, some people make ___
  2. mast cells bind to the Fc region of ___
  3. Mast cells ___ and spill out their harsh chemistry
A
  1. lots of IgE
  2. IgE
  3. degranulate
47
Q

Anaphylactic Shock -

  1. harsh chemistry (including ____)
  2. Explain small local impact
  3. Explain large systemic impact
A
  1. histamine
  2. increase capillary permeability (fluid escapes from capillaries to tissue), usually a local effect (runny nose)
  3. massive degranulation throughout the body can decrease blood volume drastically to the point of a heart attack, histamine contracts the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract (difficult breathing- suffocation)
48
Q

Definitions -

  1. Prophylaxis
  2. Anaphylaxis
A
  1. provide protection, prevent disease, and guard or prevent beforehand
  2. coined to mean the opposite of prophylaxis, an acute allergic reaction to an antigen
49
Q

IgD -

  1. function
  2. a lot like ___
A
  1. not completely clear

2. IgM, B cells don’t make it until they leave the bone

50
Q
  1. What antibody can cross the placenta?
  2. can cause allergies?
  3. in muscosal secretions?
  4. defends against parasites?
  5. first antibody made?
  6. helps Nk cell kill
  7. good opsonizer
  8. causes anaphylactic shock
  9. protects mucosal surfaces
  10. Ok complement fixer
  11. Great complement fixer
  12. Secreted in milk
  13. good opsonizer
  14. resistant to stomach acid
A
  1. G
  2. E
  3. A
  4. E
  5. M
  6. G
  7. M
  8. E
  9. A
  10. G
  11. M
  12. A
  13. G
  14. A
51
Q

Class Switching -

  1. is controlled by ___ (___)
  2. different pathogens provoke ___
  3. cells from different areas of the body make characteristic mixes of ___ (we know where to focus the attack)
  4. without ___, only antibody made is ___, no class switching can occur
A
  1. cytokines, T cells
  2. different cytokines
  3. cytokines
  4. T cells, IgM
52
Q

B Cell Summary -

  1. B cells are ___ with very diverse, ___ receptors (___)
  2. the receptors bind to ___ (2)
  3. two steps of activation of naïve B cells
  4. activated B cells (___) make ___
  5. How to B cells mature?
A
  1. lymphocytes, specific, BCRs
  2. antigens, carbs or protein
  3. cross linking of BCRs, or helper T cells (not always needed for activation
  4. plasma cells, antibodies
  5. Somatic hypermutation (gets an even better fit to the antigen), career choice (memory or antibody factory), and class switching (GAMED)

Immunology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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