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Immunology Exam 1 > Immune System Overview > Flashcards

Immune System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology is the branch of biomedicine concerned with (4).

A
  1. the structure and function of the immune system
  2. innate and acquired immunity
  3. the bodily distinction of self from nonself
  4. laboratory techniques involving the interaction of antigens with specific antibodies
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2
Q

What are five diverse living agents that replicate in host?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasites
  5. Preons
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3
Q

What are two subdivisions of parasites?

A

Protozoa and Helminths (worms)

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4
Q

What is the immune system “mantra”?

A

Kill the pathogen, don’t harm the host.

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5
Q

What are five defenses that work for the immune system?

A
  1. Physical Barriers (epithelial surgaces)
  2. Chemical Barriers
  3. Commensal microbiota (gut)
  4. Innate immune system
  5. Adaptive immune system
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6
Q

Two subdivisions of physical barriers, one of which secrets ___. List 3 examples

A

Skin (less) and Mucous membranes/mucosal epithelia (most), mucus, GI/Respiratory/urogenital

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7
Q

List two subdivisions of chemical barriers

A
  1. Antimicrobial enzymes/peptides (lysozyme/defensins digest or lyse bacterial cell wall and cathelicidins/histatins)
  2. acid pH in stomach
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8
Q

Commensal microbiota compete with ___ for?

A

pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites

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9
Q

Innate immune system is ___

A

nonspecific

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10
Q

Adaptive immune system is ___

A

specific “cognant antigen”

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11
Q

Mucus - ___ fluid, contain ___ which consist of many ___, List 3 functions

A

viscous, mucins,glycoproteins, 1. prevent attachment of organisms, 2. expulsion of organisms in respiratory tract and GI tract, 3. mucus flow in clearing infection (thick or impaired mucus flow predisposes individual to chronic infection as in cystic fibrosis)

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12
Q

pus has ___

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

Innate immune system - Define 1. monocyte/macrophages, 2. Neutrophils, 3. Natural Killer Cells, 4. Dendritic Cells

A
  1. phagocytic, kill, antigen presentation
  2. MC, professional killers, phagocytic, everywhere
  3. killers
  4. phagocytic, come from monocytes, antigen capture in one location and presentation in another (act as a liaison b/w innate and adaptive immune systems)
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14
Q

Complement system - ___ produced by the ___, form ___, poke holes in ___

A

20 protiens, liver, membrane attack complexes, cell membrane

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15
Q

Inflammation is?

A

an innate immune cell response

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16
Q

Adaptive immune system - ___ and ___ cells

A

B and T cells

17
Q

B Cells are ___. which have three major functions that typically lead to?

A

antibodies, 1. neutralization (block access to cells), 2. Opsonization (bind to pathogen which enables phagocytes to ingest organism), 3. compliment activation,
ingestion by a phagocyte

18
Q

T cells are (3)

A
  1. T helper cells
  2. T killer cells
  3. Regulatory T cells
19
Q

What is the basis for immunization?

A

Immunological memory is the most important biological consequence of adaptive immunity

20
Q

inflammation -

  1. substances like tumor necrosis factor recruit (3) to the site of infection
  2. this influx causes ___ and other physiologic changes known as ___
  3. local innate and inflammatory responses are usually beneficial for ___ and ___.
  4. if the response is not regulated it can lead to ___ causing ___?
A
  1. fluid, cells, and molecules
  2. swelling, inflammation
  3. eliminating pathogens, damaged or dead cells and promotion of healing
  4. sepsis or septic shock locally or systemically causing tissue damage or even death
21
Q

Cognate Antigen -

  1. ___ and ___ are looking for their match to bind to ___
  2. Stimulates ___ ?
A
  1. antibodies (B cell receptors) and T cell receptors, their cognate antigen
  2. proliferation of T cells and B cells (clonal selection)
22
Q

Antigen Presentation -

  1. required by ___ for activation
  2. (3) present antigen to T cells
  3. What does MHC stand for? How many classes?
A
  1. T cells
  2. dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, (neutrophils)
  3. Major histocompatibility complex, Class I and II
23
Q

Cytokines -

  1. ___ like messengers (proteins) produced by ___, that communicate with other cells and affect the ___.
  2. Examples (3)
  3. IL - 1 causing ___
  4. TNG from ___ causing ___
A
  1. hormone, immune cells (esp T helper cells), immune response
  2. interleukins, interferon y (INFy), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
  3. a hypothalamic fever response
  4. macrophages causing inflammation
24
Q

Major Histocompatibility proteins -

  1. responsible for ?
  2. function as ___ to display ___
  3. Class 1 found on virtually ___, displays what?, What happens?
  4. Class II found typically only on ___, displays what?, What happens?
A
  1. tissue rejection in organ transplantation
  2. billboards, chopped up peptides
  3. all cells of the body, what cells are producing inside, scanned by killer T cells which can kill virus infected cells
  4. APC, what has been killed at battle site (external), informs T helper cells about the battle
25
Q

Innate Immune response -

  1. ___ response
  2. Specific or nonspecific?
  3. antigen receptors ___ to recognize common pathogens
  4. What are PRRs?
  5. sense danger and can activate the ___
  6. integrates ___
  7. determines what?
  8. ___ memory
A
  1. fast (immediate, minutes to hours)
  2. non specific
  3. precisely tuned
  4. pattern recognition receptors
  5. adaptive immune response (gives permission to adaptive system to activate)
  6. info collected about invader
  7. weapons to be used (B cells vs T cells)
  8. hard wired
26
Q

Adaptive immune response -

  1. ___ response
  2. specific or non specific?
  3. antigen receptors ___ looking for cognate antigen
  4. ___ memory
A
  1. slow (days)
  2. specific
  3. unfocused
  4. individualized plastic
27
Q

Cells of the immune system - List 2

A

Myeloid lineage and lymphoid linage

28
Q

Myeloid Lineage -

  1. Contain what two subtypes?
  2. Granulocytes - What are the four types?, Which is the MC of circulating WBCs?
  3. Myeloid Antigen- presenting cells - What is the one type? Which gives rise to (2)
A
  1. Granulocytes and myeloid antigen-presenting cells
  2. Neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, Neutrophils
  3. Monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
29
Q

Lymphoid Linage -

  1. % of circulating WBCs
  2. what are the 3 subtypes?
  3. B Cells are ___
  4. T cells are ___,three subtypes?, What is special about regulatory?
  5. NK cells are ___
  6. What does CD mean?
  7. What is FH?
A
  1. 20-40%
  2. B, T, and NK cells
  3. adaptive
  4. adaptive, Helper (CD 4), killer (CD 8), and regulatory (CD4), inducible (transforms into tissue), natural (natural from thymus)
  5. innate
  6. cluster of differentiation (characteristic surface proteins)
  7. follicular helper

Immunology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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