Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology Exam 1 > Antigen Presentation > Flashcards

Antigen Presentation Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions -

  1. Antigen
  2. Cognate Antigen
  3. Epitope
  4. Paratope
A
  1. something that causes the immune system to create antibodies specifically targeting that something
  2. antigen that a given B cell’s receptors recognize
  3. (antigenic determinant), part of the antigen that the antibody recognizes and attaches
  4. part of the antibody that recognizes and attaches to the epitope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two Methods -

  1. What are the two methods?
  2. cells constantly break down ___ created ____ and present them on the cell surface
  3. What is MHC I?
  4. ___ can do this
  5. allow us to ?
A
  1. MHC I = proteins created within the cell OR MHC II = eat protein outside of the cell
  2. proteins, within the cell
  3. Major Histocompatibility Complex 1
  4. almost all cells of the body
  5. see what is being made in the cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two Methods -

  1. special cells ___, break it down, and present the fragments on the cell surface
  2. What is MHC II?
  3. ___ can do this
  4. allows us to see ___
A
  1. eat protein (phagocytosis)
  2. Major Histocompatibility Complex II
  3. only antigen presenting cells
  4. what is happening outside the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antigen Presentation by MHC I -

  1. ___ are constantly broken down into fragments
  2. the fragments are presented on the surface of the cell by ___
  3. ___ constantly inspect the presented fragments
  4. ___ inspect which sends the “___” signal if cell is normal
  5. NK cells posses receptors for self molecules that prevent ___
A
  1. endogenous proteins (proteins made in cells)
  2. MHCs
  3. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes (Killer T Cells)
  4. NK cells, don’t kill
  5. their activation by uninfected cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MHCs -

  1. molecules that bind to ___ created in the cell and bring them to the surface of the cell
  2. they present the antigen to (2)
A
  1. protein fragments

2. T cells and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MHC I -

1. constantly updating ___

A
  1. billboard that advertises what is being made in the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MHC I -

  1. presents what 3 types of proteins
  2. ___ expresses MHC I molecules
A
  1. ordinary cellular (enzymes and structural proteins), proteins encoded by viruses, and parasite proteins
  2. almost every cell in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MHC I Antigen Presentation -

  1. ___ constantly chew up cellular protein, normal function is ___
  2. most protein fragments (___) are further broken down into ___ for ___
  3. some peptides are brought to the ___ where they are attached to ___ molecules (list two)
  4. peptides are bound to ____ molecules
  5. the ___ is transported to the ___
A
  1. proteasomes, dealing with defective proteins
  2. peptides, singular AA for reuse
  3. ER, MHC I
  4. MHC I
  5. peptide-MHC I complex, cell surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proteasomes -

  1. most of the peptides are broken down into individual ___ for reuse
  2. Some of the peptides are carried to the ___
A
  1. AA

2, ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MHC I specifics -

  1. # MHC I genes (3 from mom, 3 from dad)
  2. What is HLA?
  3. located on ___
  4. each MHC I protein pairs with ____
  5. List the three gene variants
  6. This variability allows MHC I molecules an ability to ?
A
  1. 6
  2. human leukocyte antigen
  3. chromosome six
  4. another protein
  5. HLA-A (480), HLA-B (800), HLA-C (260)
  6. bind many different kinds of peptides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MHC I specifics -

  1. MHC I molecules have a ___ in which a peptide must fit
  2. most peptides bout to MHC I molecules are # AA long
  3. the peptide is anchored at ___
  4. longer peptides are allowed to ?
A
  1. groove (closed at both ends)
  2. 8-11
  3. both ends
  4. bulge in the center
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Killer T Cells Inspect MHC I Peptides -

  1. Killer T cells (____) inspect the peptides displayed by MHC I molecules
  2. ___ also inspect MHC I (don’t use ____)
A
  1. cytotoxic lymphocytes

2. NK cells, kill signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Antigen Presentation by MHC II -

  1. Antigen presenting Cells (APCs) do what?
  2. the proteins are contained within a ___
  3. MHC II molecules are made in the ___ and injected into the __
  4. a special protein called ____ protects the binding area of the MHC II
  5. The invariant chain - MHC II complex is release into an ___
  6. The phagosome (w/ extracellular protein) is fused with the ___
A
  1. eat extracellular proteins
  2. phagosome
  3. cytosol, ER
  4. invariant chain protein
  5. ensosome
  6. endosome (with the MHC II)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antigen Presentation by MHC II -

  1. the extracellular protein is broken down by ___
  2. produces ___
  3. the invariant chain protein is broken down by ____
  4. the MHC II complex is ___
  5. the extracellular protein fragments (peptides) do what?
  6. The MHC II peptide is transported to ____
A
  1. enzymes within the endosome
  2. protein fragments (peptides)
  3. enzymes within the endosome
  4. preserved
  5. load on MHC IIs
  6. cell surface and displayed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells -

  1. List the four types of antigen presenting cells
  2. are all ___ cells
  3. are all made in ___
  4. must migrate where
  5. must be ____ before they can function
  6. are all ___
A
  1. activated dendritic cells, activated macrophages, activated B cells, and activated neutrophils
  2. white
  3. bone marrow
  4. out to various sites in the body
  5. activated
  6. phagocytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Invariant Chain -

  1. when the MHC II is in the ER, we don’t want what?
  2. The invariant chain sits in the groove and stops ___
  3. What is the invariant chains job?
A
  1. other proteins filling the groove
  2. other proteins from binding
  3. guide the MHC II through the ER and Golgi apparatus to an endosome
17
Q

Endosome and phagosome fuse -

  1. The invariant chain is ___
  2. the ___ is broken down
  3. The MHC II is ___
  4. the ___ fits in the open groove of the MHC II complex and is transported to the ___
A
  1. broken down
  2. exogenous protein
  3. preserved
  4. protein fragment, APC’s surface
18
Q

MHC II Specifics -

  1. MHC II molecules are ___ at both ends
  2. Most peptides bound to MHC II molecules are # AA long
  3. the peptide is ___
  4. ends of the peptides are ___
A
  1. open
  2. 13-25
  3. anchored
  4. allowed to hang over
19
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells -

  1. they are really “____ cells”
  2. APCs present the antigen to (2)
  3. Provide (2) required for T cell activation
A
  1. T cell activating cells
  2. killer t cells and helper t cells
  3. high levels of MHCs and co-stimulatory molecules
20
Q

What are the four types of APCs?

A
  1. activated dendritic cells
  2. activated macrophage
  3. activated B cell
  4. activated neutrophils
21
Q

Activated dendritic Cells -

  1. ___ the immune response by activating ___ cells
  2. ___ cells are located beneath ___
  3. ___ are B or T cells which have never been activated
  4. ____ are B or T cells which have been activated
A
  1. initiate, virgin T
  2. sentinel, epithelial cells
  3. naïve or virgin lymphocytes
  4. experienced lymphocytes
22
Q

DC (resting state) -

  1. in normal tissue dendritic cells can take in __times their volume of ___ per hour
  2. tike it in and ?
  3. expressing some ___
  4. Is it a good APC?
A
  1. four, extracellular fluid
  2. spit it back out (constantly tasting)
  3. B7 (co-stimulator)
  4. Not very good, especially to virgin T cells that require extensive receptor crosslinking and co-stimulation
23
Q

DC (activation) -

  1. ___ signals from cells engaged in battle
  2. ___ from (2)
  3. ___ cells also give off chemical signals
  4. recognition of “___”
  5. recognize what
  6. each receptor can identify ___
  7. recognized patterns are very important ___ features of the pathogen, w/o these structures the pathogen would ___
  8. Remember the (2) are specific to the invader
A
  1. chemical
  2. TNF, macrophages or neutrophils
  3. dying
  4. common molecular patterns
  5. general characteristics of classes of invaders
  6. many different pathogens
  7. structural, not exist (not easy for the pathogen to disguise itself by mutating this segment)
  8. BCRs and TCRs
24
Q

Toll Like Receptors (TLR) -

  1. ___ (most are like TLRs)
  2. example ___ recognizes ___ on bacterial cell walls
  3. ___ detects the ___ of viruses
  4. ___ recognizes the double stranded DNA of (2)
  5. TLRs are on the cell’s ___ while others are ___
  6. some coat the inside of ___
A
  1. Patter recognition receptors
  2. TLR4, LPS
  3. TLR7, single stranded RNA
  4. TLR9, bacteria and herpes simplex virus
  5. surface, inside the cell
  6. phagolysosomes
25
Q

Activated Dendritic Cells -

  1. once activated, the ADC stays in the ___ for about how long?
  2. how much does it eat?
  3. leaves the area through the ___ to the nearest ___, takes about ____ to reach this, then lives there for ___
  4. ___ expression of MHC I molecules, if infected with a virus at the battle ground it will be displayed on ___
  5. ___ expression of B7 co-stimulatory proteins
A
  1. tissue, 6 hrs
  2. much more, MHC IIs become loaded with antigens from the battle ground
  3. lymphatic system, lymph node, a day, a week
  4. increased, MHC I
  5. increased
26
Q

Replacement Dendritic Cells -

  1. prior to leaving the battle ground, ADCs make ___ the attract ___ into the area
  2. the monocytes become ___
  3. the new DCs can be activated and carry new pictures of the battle to the ___
A
  1. cytokines, monocytes
  2. dendritic cells
  3. lymph nodes
27
Q

Activated Dendritic Cells -

  1. ___ cells that sample antigens in tissues
  2. bring the samples to the ___
  3. present the antigen to ___
  4. ADC are ___ lived
  5. ADC assures ___
  6. activated dendritic cells don’t do ___
A
  1. sentinel
  2. lymph nodes
  3. virgin T cells
  4. short
  5. an up to date picture of the battle
  6. the killing, they get others to do the killing
28
Q

Activated Macrophages -

  1. Sentinel cells: located ____, don’t ___ like ADCs
  2. Function (3)
A
  1. in areas of the body exposed to the outside world, travel

2. garage collectors, antigen presenting cells (re-stimulate activated T cells), and ferocious killers

29
Q

Activated Macrophages -

  1. Only express enough __ and ___ molecules to function as APCs after (2)
  2. Function to re-stimulate ___
  3. the T cells were activated by ___ in the ___
  4. experienced T cells need ____
  5. activated dendritic cells activate ___
  6. activated macrophages re-stimulate experienced ___
A
  1. MHC and co-stimulatory molecules, activation by battle cytokines (IFNy) and recognizing patterns (Toll like receptor recognition
  2. T cells
  3. dendritic cells, lymph nodes
  4. continual re-stimulation
  5. virgin T cells
  6. T Cells
30
Q

Activated B Cells -

  1. Virgin B cells make little __ and little ___, not used ___
  2. activated by ?
  3. experienced activated B cell are able to ?
  4. also able to ___ antigen for presentation, displaying both ?
A
  1. MHC II, B7, as APC at the beginning of a battle
  2. meeting their cognate antigen
  3. present antigens for helper T cells
  4. concentrate, BCRs with antigen and MHC II with antigen (cross linked)
31
Q

Activated B Cells - Experienced ABC

  1. BCR have very ___ affinity for their antigen
  2. collect ___
  3. T cells need a threshold number of ___ and ___ to be activated
  4. up regulate more ___
  5. speed?
  6. Activated B cells have 11-10,000 fold ability to activate __ over other ___
A
  1. high
  2. a lot of the antigen
  3. cross-linked TCRs and MHC IIs
  4. B7
  5. very fast, 30 minutes for a b cell to capture the antigen and present it on the cell surface on an MHC II complex
  6. T cells over other APCs
32
Q

MHC I -

  1. present ___ to ___
  2. ___ also scan MHC I (___ signal)
  3. expressed in ___
  4. display proteins made ___ the cell
A
  1. peptides (protein), CTLs
  2. NK cells, don’t kill
  3. almost every kind of cell
  4. inside
33
Q

MHC II -

  1. present peptides to ___
  2. expressed ___
  3. advertise what is happening ___ the cell
  4. by requiring that ___ only recognize presented antigen, the decision to deploy the adaptive immune system is not made by a single cell
A
  1. helper T cells
  2. exclusively on the cells of the immune system (APCs)
  3. outside
  4. helper T cells
34
Q

Summary -

  1. if the invader is outside the cell: antibodies mark them for ___, marked and destroyed by the ___, eaten by ___
  2. If the invader is inside the cell: MHC I presentation shows ___ what’s going on inside infected cells, chopped up protein can no longer ___
  3. Responsible for ___ of transplanted organ, explain
A
  1. destruction, complement system, professional phagocytes
  2. CTLs, hide fragments with folding (B cells may not see their cognate antigen due to the protein folding)
  3. rejection, tissue typing designed to match MHC proteins of donor and recipient

Immunology Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions