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Infection And Immunity > Innate / Cytokines > Flashcards

Innate / Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 professional phagocytes

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Macrophages

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2
Q

Whats the normal amount of neutrophils in the blood

A

7.5 x 10^9 /l

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3
Q

Whats the half life of neutrophils

A

7 hours

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4
Q

Where do monocytes do their phagocytosis?

A

Bloodstream

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5
Q

What do monocytes form when they enter tissue?

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

What is macrophages toxic mediator?

A

nitric oxide

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7
Q

What contains more organelles… macrophages or monocytes?

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

Name a non professional phagocyte

Whats its main role?

A

Dentritic cells

Antigen presentation

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9
Q

What produces NETS

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

How do NETS work?

A

Release of DNA /Protein from neutrophil

Binds /kill pathogens

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11
Q

What are the two types of NETS

A

Suicadal NETS

Vital NETosis

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12
Q

Name the 3 phagocyte stages

A

Quiescent

Primed

Activated

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13
Q

During the quiescent stage of a phagocyte, how do they react and what damage is there to vasculature ?

A

React weakly

Minimal damage

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14
Q

How is a phagocyte Primed?

How long does it take?

A

Subthreshold of cytokine

Primed for phagocytosis

Over minutes to hours

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15
Q

What happens when a phagocyte is activated?

What type of response is activated?

A

Full effective response

Granule response

ROS

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16
Q

What are the 3 components used in the identification of a PAMP (LPS) on macrophages

A

TLR-4

CD14

LBP

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17
Q

Name 3 opsonin proteins

A

CRP

Complement (C3b)

Antibody (IgM)

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18
Q

Opsonisation can increase phagocytosis by how much?

A

4000x

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19
Q

During respiratory burst, what enzyme adds electron electron to produce free radicals?

A

NADPH oxidase

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20
Q

Super oxide—> H202 —> Hydroxyl radicals + ?

A

Hypochlorite ions

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21
Q

What can evade ROS

A

Salmonella

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22
Q

What term is given to someone with decreased neutrophil production?

A

Neutropenia

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23
Q

How much neutrophils are present in Neutropenia?

A

< 0.2 x 10^9 /l

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24
Q

Name an injection which can boost neutrophil count

A

GCSF

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25
Q

LAD

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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26
Q

CGD (genetic Q)

A

Inherited and X linked

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27
Q

What is there a defect in CGD

A

Phox protein on NADPH

28
Q

What can escape the ROS system if you have CGD

A

Staph.aureus

Aspergillus

29
Q

Name a diagnostic test used in CGD

A

NBT

Lack of blue colour indicates low neutrophil count

30
Q

Name 3 systems of CGD

A

Lymphadenitis

Granulomas in liver

Osteomyelitis

31
Q

Name 3 treatments of CGD

A

Prophylactic antibiotics

IFN-y (boosts no oxidase dep. killing)

Bone marrow transplant (BMT)

32
Q

What is the size of cytokines

A

25kDa

33
Q

Whats the affinity of a cytokine to its specific receptor

A

10^-12 Kdis

34
Q

Pleiotropy cytokine

A

1 cytokine

Multiple effects

35
Q

Redundancy

A

Many cytokines

One function

36
Q

Antagonism example

A

MCRA

Aldosterone antagonist

37
Q

Where are cytokines released from?

And example?

A

Inflammasomes

NLRP3

38
Q

What activates caspase 1?

What does Caspase 1 activate?

A

PAMP /DAMP

Inflammasomes

39
Q

Where are inflammasomes found?

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

40
Q

Name an example of a chemokine

What releases it?

A

IL-8

Neutrophils

41
Q

What do chemokines bind to?

What does this cause?

A

Endothelial surface

Causes selectins to migrate to endothelial surface

42
Q

Whats the role of prostaglandins?

A

Increase Vascular Permeability

increase Vascular Dilation

Induce Neutrophil chemotaxis

43
Q

Give an example of a PG and the cell which produces it

A

Monocytes (PGE2)

Neutrophils (PGE2)

Mast Cell (PGD2)

44
Q

Name 3 roles of leukotrines

A

Chemoattractant neutrophils (LTB4)

Induce smooth muscle contraction

Causes stasis

45
Q

What 3 cells produces LT?

A

Macrophages

Monocytes

Neutrophils

46
Q

What do Selectins bind to on leukocytes?

Give example

A

Mucin like CAM

LSelectin —> GlyCAM-1

47
Q

Whats the step that selectins cause

A

Rolling Adhesion Step

48
Q

Integrity are found where?

What do they bind to?

Example

A

Leukocytes

Ig CAM

a4b7 —> IgCAM-1

49
Q

What chemokine causes the recruitment of Ig CAM / selectins to the endothelial surface

A

IL-8

50
Q

What triggers MC to release PG /LT?

A

PAMPs + TLR-4

IgE

51
Q

Name 3 cytokines released from activated macrophages for local effects

A

Il-1b

TNF-a

Il-6

52
Q

What is Il-b

A

Mitogen

Encourages a cell to divide (lymphocytes)

53
Q

What organ produces Acute Phase Proteins

A

Liver

54
Q

Where are SP-A/D found?

What do they bind to?

Whats its two roles

A

Macrophages in alveolar fluid in lung

Bind to pathogens via globular lectin domain

Opsonisation
Phagocytosis

55
Q

Name a respiratory pathogen where SPA-D prevent it from spreading by promoting phagocytosis

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii fungus

56
Q

Name 5 acute phase proteins

A

SPA/D

CRP

MBL

Fibrinogen

57
Q

Name 2 cytokines which inhibits inflammation

What do they do?

A

Il-10

TGF-b

Deactivates macrophages and their antigen presentation

58
Q

Name two hormones which inhibit macrophages and decrease fever

Where are they produced?

A

MSH

CSH

Pituitary gland

59
Q

Name a drug treatment against altered inflammatory response /(sepsis)

A

Corticosteroids

60
Q

Define chronic inflammation

A

Inflammatory agent persists due to resistance or deficient immunity

61
Q

What do macrophages form in CI?

A

M1 —> M2 (epitheliod)

Granuloma

62
Q

What are the two stages of sepsis

A

Warm

Cold

63
Q

During warm stage, what 3 symptoms are present

A

> 38*

Tachycardia

> 12x10^3 mm^-3 WBC count

64
Q

During cold stage, what 3 symptoms are present?

A

Cold <36*

Hypotension <90mmHg

Purpura (skin lesions)

65
Q

Sepsis 6

A

High oxygen

Blood cultures

IV antibiotics

IV fluids

Lactate check

Monitor urine output

66
Q

Name two tests for sepsis

A

CBC test

Bowel/urine culture

67
Q

Name an anti inflammatory drug

How does it work?

Whats a danger with it?

A

APC

Inhibits thrombin formation
Inhibits WBC adhesion

Severe bleeding

Infection And Immunity (7 decks)

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