injection techniques Flashcards
1
Q
ID (6)
A
- intradermal
- between the layers of skin, can see a bleb
- 15 degree angle
- can be given anywhere on the body
- used in large animals, on the underside of the tail to test for TB
- in small animals is used for allergy testing
- for monkeys, it is done on the upper eyelid for TB testing
2
Q
SC or SQ
A
- subcutaneous
- under the skin
- can be given anywhere on the body
- in small animals, the ideal location is between the shoulder blades
- in large animals, the preferred location is the side of the neck
- use your thumb and forefinger to create the skin tent
- insert the needle at the base of the tent at a 45-degree angle, drawback to making sure you are not in a blood vessel, if blood appears, reposition
- less painful then IM
- lower risk of going IV
- can administer a large amount of medication due to the elasticity of the skin
- absorbed relatively quickly
- good for chronic renal disease (O can do this at home)
- in cats don’t do intracapsular due to increased risk of vx tumor
3
Q
IM
A
- intramuscular
- administer at 90 degrees caudally
- drawback to ensure you are not in a blood vessel
- drug works faster then when given SQ
- greater risk of going IV
- only good for a small amount (2ml)
4
Q
IP
A
- intraperitoneal
- in the abdomen (between the organs), is a bit of a guess
- mainly used in the lab, not the clinic for administering anesthetics and euthanasia drugs
- can be used for shock when peripheral veins are inaccessible
- head of the patient lower then the hind legs (so that the organs fall away from the injection site), place the needle slightly to the side of the midline halfway between the rear edge of the breastbone and the pelvis, point the needle toward the center of the abdomen, push it in with a sharp jerk but go no further than 2-3mm into the abdomen
- is more painful
5
Q
IV
A
- intravenous
- is used to administer drugs that can be irritating to tissue (eg. barbituates)
- route of choice for emergency drugs
- is the fastest route for drug absorption
- difficult to reverse if anaphylactic creation occurs
6
Q
IC
A
intracardiac
- used in small animal emergencies and euthanasia
- is very painful
- requires the patient to be anesthetised or unconscious
- is very dangerous if the patient is expected to recover
7
Q
how do you know which route to administer the drug?
A
- on the bottle, or the drug insert
- if more than one route is available, ask the vet
8
Q
which cloudy drug can be given IV
A
propofol
9
Q
where can intramuscular injections be given?
A
- hamstring
- triceps brachii
- SMST
- epaxial/ lumbar muscle
10
Q
which route works faster IM or SQ
A
IM
11
Q
what is the maximum amount that can be administered IM?
A
2mL
12
Q
Where can an IV injection be administered to cats and dogs?
A
- cephalic
- femoral
- saphenous
- jugular
- if sedated can do sublingual
13
Q
Where can an IV injection be administered to cattle?
A
- jugular
- tail vein (coccygeal)
- milk vein (hemorrhages easily)
14
Q
Where can an IV injection be administered to horses?
A
- jugular
- cephalic
- lateral thoracic
- saphenous
15
Q
Where can an IV injection be administered to pigs?
A
- anterior Ven cava (blood sample only, the pig is usually deceased)
- ear vein (blood collection)
- tail vein
16
Q
define aseptic
A
free from contamination
17
Q
define aseptic technique
A
using practices and procedures to prevent contamination
are techniques that:
- remove and kill microorganisms from hands and objects
- use sterile equipment and instruments
- prevent contamination of equipment
18
Q
benefits of the aseptic technique
A
- reduces the risk of post-procedure infections by decreasing the likelihood of microorganisms entering the body
19
Q
what do you write on the tape label for syringes? (8)
A
- medication
- concentration
- route
- patient
- your name/ group
- date
- volume
20
Q
disadvantages of IV injection technique:
A
- more difficult to do unassisted
- if there is an allergic reaction to the drug, the process is quick and difficult to reverse
21
Q
what can veins be used for?
A
- blood collection
- indwelling catheters
- injections
22
Q
what can arteries be used for?
A
- pulse
- blood-gas sampling
- catheterization for blood pressure monitoring
23
Q
what are the 4 different veins that you can collect from on a dog?
A
- jugular
- cephalic
- saphenous
- lingual
24
Q
what are the 5 veins you can collect from on a cat?
A
- jugular
- cephalic
- saphenous/ femoral
- lingual
- clip nail (best for birds and reptiles)
25
what 3 veins can you collect from on a cow?
- jugular
- coccygeal
- milk vein
26
what 4 veins can you collect from on a horse?
- jugular
- subclavian
- cephalic
- transverse
27
what 6 veins can you collect from on a porcine?
- anterior vena cava (sample only)
- intra-cardiac puncture (sample only)
- ear vein
- jugular
- tail vein
- milk vein
28
in bovines, which vein is the most commonly used for blood sample collection?
coccygeal
29
what are the most important aspects of venipuncture techniques?
- proper restraint
- proper distention and immobilization of the vessel
30
what is on the label of a vacutainer
1. animal name and number
2. species
3. breed
4. sex
5. age
6. date
7. time of collection
8. your name and group letter
31
describe serum
- plasma without fibrinogen
- blood collected is put in a vacutainer without an anticoagulant
- collected in a red top/ tiger top vaccutainer
32
describe plasma
- the fluid portion of whole blood
- use a vacutainer with appropriate anticoagulantnt
- cannot be at room temperature for over an hour
- centrifuge the sample and carefully remove the clear plasma from the top
33
why do we use EDTA?
it doesn't alter cell morphology
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
34
common errors to avoid when collecting blood?
- hemolysis
- clot formation in an anticoagulant tube
- animal too excited (increases RBC and WBC count)
- vacutainer not filled
- dirty venipuncture
- started too high on the leg
- not putting pressure on the site after
- arterial pressure
35
what might lead to a clot forming in your anti-coagulant tube?
- failure to mix in time
- take too long to collect
36
what factors might lead to hemolysis of blood in the vacutainer?
- needle too small
- expel blood too forcefully into the tube
- too much vacuum
37
if the vacutainer is not filled properly what effect might that have?
- incorrect PCV
- the blood may be diluted by the anti-coagulant
38
how long after a venipuncture should you hold off for?
5min
39
how to store blood in a red top vautainer?
- separate off the serum
- the serum keeps for 48 hours in the fridge
- can freeze, will keep for up to 1 year
40
how to store blood in a lavender to vacutainer?
- make blood smear immediately if a CBC is required
- DO NOT FREEZE
- can spin and separate off the plasma (which can be frozen)
41
which medications MUST be administered IV? (4)
- barbituates
- propofol
- dextrose solution
- chemotherapy medications
42
what happens if a medication that should go IV goes outside the vessel (perivascular)
- its irritating (can kill cells and cause inflammation, pain, and selling)
- the tissue will die (the dead tissue will slough off)
43
describe slough
- necrotic (dead) tissue whill separate from the healthy tissue and fall off
44
how to prevent having your IV injection go perivascular?
- use indwelling catheter
- do not inject if you are not sure you are in the vein
- as you inject, watch for swelling and pain
45
treatment if irritating materials do go perivascularly?
- stop injection
- infuse the area with either saline OR 3cc saline with 1cc lidocaine
46
what health problems can occur with venipunctures?
- anaphylaxis
- hematoma
- thrombophlebitis
- perivascular injection
- incorrect dose
- incorrect drug
- air embolism
47
what is thrombophlebitis?
- infection and blockage of veins, especially in horses
- may never resolve
to prevent, use sterile technique and change the catheter every 3 days minimum
48
if heparin is used how soon must a blood transfusion be done?
- use the blood in 24-48h
49
if citrate is used how long can blood be used for?
more then 48 hours
50
if Acid Citrate Dextrose is used how long is the blood good for?
14 days
51
if citrate phosphate dextrose is used how long will the blood be good for?
21 days
52
why are IV catheters used? (3)
- to administer irritating meds
- allow you to administer IV fluids throughout a sx
- allow you to administer emergency drugs very rapidly
