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Med ex 2 > bandaging, wounds, fractures, and rehab > Flashcards

bandaging, wounds, fractures, and rehab Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classifications of wounds

A
  • clean
  • clean-contaminated
  • contaminated
  • dirty
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2
Q

define a clean wound

A

a wound that was created by sx (under aseptic conditions)

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3
Q

define a clean-contaminated wound

A
  • minimal contamination
  • a non sterile wound less than a few hour old
    They are usually prepared and sutured
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4
Q

describe a contaminated wound

A
  • related to trauma
  • usually older than 6 hours
  • the wound is cleaned and treated as an open would
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5
Q

describe a dirty wound

A
  • pus or obvious infection
  • aggressive cleaning, sx debridement and drains are often used in the treatment techniques
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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory stage
  2. Debridement stage
  3. Repair stage
  4. Maturation stage
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7
Q

Describe the inflammation stage of wound healing

A
  • immediate constriction of local capillaries to limit hemorrhage
  • then, vasodilation to fill the wound and form a clot which serves to hold tissue together
  • The clot contracts and dehydrates, protecting the wound from contamination and further blood loss and allowing healing
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8
Q

Describe the debridement stage of wound healing

A
  • about 6 hours after being wounded
  • increased permeability of local capillaries (this allows WBCs into the interstitial space to phagocytize debris, bacteria, foreign bodies)
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9
Q

Describe the repair stage of wound healing

A
  • Invasion of fibroblasts (connective tissue cells)
  • then, formation of new capillaries from the surrounding blood vessels, producing a red coloured granulation tissue
  • followed by epitheliazation
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10
Q

describe the maturation stage of wound healing

A
  • increased strength of scar formation through maturation and reorganization of the collagen fibers composing the scar (lengthy)
  • no change in appearance
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11
Q

What are the types of wound healing

A
  • first intention healing
  • second intention healing
  • third intention healing
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12
Q

describe healing by first intention

A
  • clean wound, no infection or necrosis (eg, sx)
  • edges well opposed (can be sutured or glued closed (edges fit together well)
  • minimal scar formation
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13
Q

describe healing by second intention

A
  • contamination, infection
  • wound must be debrided
  • longer healing time required (more granulation time)
  • greater scar formation (can’t suture closed)
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14
Q

describe healing by third intention

A
  • change a second intention to a first intention
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15
Q

What are the 6 steps of wound cleaning

A
  • control hemorrhage
  • evaluate for shock
  • once stabilized, clean the wound
  • Clip the hair around the wound. Cover the wound with sterile ointment to prevent the clipped hair from contaminating the wound
  • Scrub or flush liberally
  • Debride necrotic tissue
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16
Q

what are the indications for a bandage

A
  • protect from the environment
  • hold the dressing in place
  • provide support to the tissue
  • prevent self traima
  • control edema and prevent sarcomas
  • maintain a proper environment for healing of an open, un-sutured wound
  • restrict the use of the limb
  • to support indwelling catheters and drains
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17
Q

Describe the first layer

A
  • function is to cover the wound, preventing the other bandage materials from sticking to the wound
  • can absorb moisture, apply medications, keep the wound clean
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18
Q

Describe a honey bandage

A
  • a type of first layer
  • has several antimicrobial properties
  • Has a higher osmolarity than bacteria.
  • will draw moisture from surrounding cells/tissues
  • will cause bacteria to shrivel/die
  • its acidic
  • creates hydrogen peroxide
  • Accelerates healing (attracts macrophages)
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19
Q

Describe a sugar bandage

A
  • similar to honey but cheaper
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20
Q

give examples of first layers

A
  • telfa pad
  • bactigras
  • gauze square
  • medihoney
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21
Q

describe the second layer of a bandage

A
  • function is to absorb wound secretions and cushion wounds to absorb shock and to hold the 1st layer in place
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22
Q

give some examples of second layers

A
  • conforming or non-conforming gauze
  • cast padding
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23
Q

describe the third layer of a bandage

A
  • function is to hold the bandage onto the animal and protect from outside elements and the animal
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24
Q

give some examples of third layers of a badge

A
  • elastic bandage
  • adhesive tape
  • elastoplast or leukolastic
  • vet wrap
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25
list the common soft tissue bandages
- pendulous ear bandage - paw bandage - open toe or leg bandage - adbominal/trunk/inguinal bandage
26
when would a pendulous ear bandage be used
- single or bilateral aural resection - post aural hematoma sx - allow for aural ventilation during tx of a severe ear infection
27
when would a paw bandage be used
- to decrease swelling - short term
28
When would an open toe/leg bandage be used?
- for protection and healing for 3rd intention healing - long term - toes are not generally covered
29
Describe an abdominal/trunk/inguinal bandage used
- to apply pressure post sx to prevent seroma - Helps prevent hemorrhage
30
what are some general guidlines for applying bandages
- check the tightness - start distally - hold the rolls underhand - overlap by 1/3 to 1/2 - don't encircle the leg (go on an angle) - pad bony prominences - cut tape ahead of time - avoid wrinkles - carful when bandaging around the neck, do not constrict the airway - use stirrups to anchor the bandage
31
bandage management
- bandages should be changed frequently - keep dry - Make sure it's not too tight (watch for pain, cold extremities, odour, blueish nails) - May need a restraining device (e-collar) - Avoid chaffing bandages should be well anchored
32
bandage care advice for owners
- keep it clean and dry - if not constantly monitored, provide o tips to prevent the dog from damaging it - pre book bandage change and let o know of cost - check the toes (cold, heat, exudate, swelling, smell) - watch the top of the bandage for chafing and slpiing - advise of any exercise restrictions - watch for personality changes (energy, appetite, lameness, pain)
33
define coaptation
- to fit closely together (bones)
34
define crepitus
- grating of fractured bone
35
define luxation
- dislocation
36
define fixation
- immobilizing fractured fragments
37
Define reduce/reduction
- to restore to normal position
38
what are the classifications of bone fractures
- traumatic - pathological
39
What is a traumatic fracture
- a broken bone caused by violence or an accident
40
What is a pathological fracture
- broken bone caused by disease leading to weakness of the bone
41
what are the types of fractures
- comminuted - greenstick - transverse - linear - oblique - spiral - compound - impacted/ compression - complete - incomplete
42
Define a comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces
43
define a greenstick fracture
one side of the bone is fractured and the other side is bent (highest success for healing)
44
define a transverse fracture
Fracture at a right angle to the long axis of the bone
45
define a linear fracture
Fracture parallel to the bone axis
46
define an oblique fracture
fracture diagonal to a bone's long axis
47
define a spiral fracture
at least one part of the bone has been twisted
48
define a compound fracture
the bone has punctured the skin
49
define an impacted/compression fracture
bone fragments are driven into each other
50
define a complete fracture
fracture where the bone is entirely broken across
51
define an incomplete fracture
fracture where the break is only partially through the bone
52
what are the stages of bone healing
1. hematoma formation 2. callus formation 3. ossification 4. remodelling
53
describe the hematoma formation stage of bone healing
- first stage - mass of clotted blood at the fracture site - tissue in the fracture site swells - very painful with obvious inflammation - bone cells are dying
54
Describe the callus formation stage of bone healing
- second stage - fibro-cartilaginous callus develops over 3 to 4 week period - the callus serves to splint the fracture - involves: capillary growth in the hematoma, phagocytic cells invading and cleaning up debris in the injury site, fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrating into the site and beginning reconstitution of bone
55
describe the ossification stage of bone healing
- begins after 3-4 weeks - continued migration and multiplying of osteoblasts and osteocytes, that result in the fibrocartilaginous callus turning into a bony callu - the boney callu is prominent 2-3 manths post fracture
56
Describe the remodling stage of bone healing
- any excess material of the boney callus is removed, and compact bone is laid down in order to reconstruct the shaft - the bone is the same as before
57
what are the complications of fracture healing (3)
- delayed union - non-union - fibrous union
58
what is a delayed union
poor blood supply or infection
59
what is a non-union
bone loss or wound contamination
60
what is a fibrous union
- improper immobilization
61
when would a cast/splint be used instead of a bandage
- when complete immobilization is required - administer IV fluids - tendon or ligament injury - temporary support - contracted tendons
62
what bandages are used as a splint
- schroeder-Thomas splint - Robert-Jones - Spoon splint
63
describe a Schroeder Thomas splint
- a walking splint
64
define rehabilitation
- methods of physical therapy that have been adapted for use in animals to assist in recovery
65
examples of rehabilitation methods
- heat - ultrasound - electro stimulation - hydrotherapy - goniometry - orthotics - theraputic exercise - laser and massage
66
what are the properties of hydrotherapy
- thermal - buoyancy - hydrostatic pressure - cohesion of the water molecules - turbulence

Med ex 2 (6 decks)

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