Inheritence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA

A

A massively long structure which super coils itself around proteins in the body in order to form chromosomes. These are ‘X-like’ structures which tidy up the nucleus.

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2
Q

Why do the DNA latch onto proteins in the body?

A

Because they are readily available

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3
Q

What is the purpose of super coiling.

A

It tidied up he nucleus due to tight coiling and allows everything to fit

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4
Q

Where are genes found?

A

On the chromosomes

Genes are bands on chromosomes

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5
Q

Female gene formation

A

XX

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6
Q

Male gene formation

A

XY

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7
Q

What determines whether the child will be a boy or a girl?

A

The sperm

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8
Q

Describe how genes, chromosomes and DNA are all linked

A

The DNA form chromosomes, which contain small structures called genes on them.

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9
Q

Where are chromosomes found

A

In the nucleus

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are there in most human cells

A

46

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11
Q

How many pairs of non sex chromosomes are there and what are their names

A

Autosomes

22 pairs

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12
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes are there?

A

One, labelled X and Y

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13
Q

A=

A

T

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14
Q

C=

A

G

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15
Q

On the structure of DNA, what does the s stand for

A

Sugar

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16
Q

On the structure of DNA, what does the p stand for

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

On the structure of DNA, what is G bonded with C labelled as

A

Nitrogenous bases

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18
Q

What is a base, bonded with sugar and phosphate labelled as?

A

A nucleotide

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19
Q

What is mitosis

A

A form of cell division that produces two identical diploid daughter cells from a diploid body cell, used for growth and repair in the body and in asexual reproduction. It occurs in all body cells apart from gametes.

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20
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A
Interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase 

(PMAT)

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21
Q

Mitosis chromosomes

A

Starts off with 46

Goes through DNA replication and has 92

Then separates into daughter cells which each have 46

22
Q

Interphase

A

Before mitosis occurs

90 % of the cycle
DNA replication occurs in it (46-92)
This is because you have to duplicate the genetic material in the cell before splitting, or else they would not have the correct number of chromosomes.

23
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates
DNA supercoil to form chromosomes
The chromosomes take an X structure

24
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes attach to the equator of the cell ‘line up’

25
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers drag chromosomes to the piles of the cell.

Chromosomes are pulled to the ends of the cell

26
Q

Telophase

A

The nucleur envelope reforms around the chromosomes, which then unwind.

The cell divides (cytokinesis)

Two diploid daughter cells form, each containing 46 chromosomes

27
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A
  • growth
  • asexual reproduction
  • repair of the tissue
  • cloning
28
Q

What cells would meiosis make?

A

Gametes

29
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A

You have to go through PMAT twice in meiosis because otherwise when the sperm and the egg got together in reproduction, there would be too many chromosomes and they wouldn’t function.

30
Q

Meoisis chromosomes

A
46 
92 - DNA replication
PMAT
46     46
PMAT
23 23 23 23 haploid daughter cells
31
Q

Haploid

A

Half the genetic number of chromosomes

32
Q

Diploid

A

Normal amount of chromosomes

33
Q

Why is it important that humans endure meiosis?

A

Because variation is needed so meoisis creates non- identical daughter cells and sexual reproduction also creates variety

34
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene
Different characteristics
E.g. hair colour gene.

35
Q

Phenotype

A

The visible physical appearance of an organism based on the expression of genes

36
Q

Heterozygous

A

The alleles in the organisms are different

37
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles in the organism are identical

38
Q

Recessive

A

And allele which is only expressed when it is with another identical allele.

39
Q

Dominat

A

And allele that is always expressed even when it is paired with another allele

40
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an organism

41
Q

A gene is

A

A section of molecule of DNA and a gene codes for a protein

42
Q

DNA molecule

A

Two strands coiled to form a double helix, linked by a 4 nitrogenous bases AT CG

43
Q

What are alleles

A

Alternative forms of genes which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

44
Q

Why do cells need to divide

A

To replace worn out cells form growth and to replace dead cells

45
Q

List 3 places in ur body where mitosis occurs

A

Skin, blood, bone marrow

46
Q

When a genetic material of a cell changes it is called

A

Mutation

47
Q

Describe the relationship between genes and the characteristics of an organism

A

Each gene codes for a specific protein, the proteins will determine the phenotype

48
Q

Advantages of reproducing sexually

A

Varied species
2 parents to raise offspring
More chance of survival
Prevents monoculture

49
Q

Why self-pollinate?

A

To stop cross pollination

To control the gene pool or prevent other genes getting in

50
Q

Environmental factor that may increase the probability of a random gene mutation

A

UV, x ray, tar from cigarettes