Co-Ordination And Response Flashcards
What is a hormone?
Chemical messengers. They are made in the endocrine glands. Travels in blood.
What other system of co-ordination is there in the human body?
Nervous system
Thyroid gland
Thyroxin
Pituitary gland
ADH LH, growth hormones
Pancreas
Insulin
Adrenal gland
Adrenaline, aldosterone
Ovary
Oestrogen, progesterone
Testis
Testosterone
Why do we need neurones and hormones?
Responding to changes in the environment
What makes up our endocrine system?
Hormones, glands
What makes up our nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, sense organs, neurones, nerves, effectors
Stimuli/stimulus
Changed In the environment detected by receptors
Receptor
Detect stimuli grouped by sense organs
Sensory neurone
Carrys impulses from your sense organs to ur CNS
Motor neurones
Carry information from the CNS to the rest of the body
Effector
Muscles or glands. Your muscles respond to messages from the motor neurones.
Reflexes
Automatic responses, travel to spinal cord and avoid brain.
Journey of reaction
Receptor, sensory neurone, co-ordinator (CNS), motor neurone, effector
Pupil
Let’s light through into the eye
Lens
focuses image
Sclera
Hard, protective layer around the outside of the eye.
Iris
Ring of coloured tissue in the eye, controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Choroid
Contains blood vessels and pigment cells, at back of eye.
Retina
Contains specialised light- sensitive receptor cells. Converts image into electrical signals.
Rod and cone cells
Light sensitive cells. Todd work in dim light and cones work in bright light.
Optic nerve
Contiene sensory neurones to pass information to the brain
Cornea
Clear layer at front of eye, allows light in.
Learn sensory neurone and motor neurone diagrams
In book
Réflex arc digafsnr learn
In book
Neurotransmitters
Send info across synapse
what controls reflex actions
The spinal cord
What coordination system is the eye a part of?
The nervous system
What type of organ is the eye?
A sense organ
What part of the eye helps to focus an image
The lens
What is the name given to plant responses?
Trompisms
Positive tropisms
Grows towards stimulus
Negative tropism
Grows away from stimulus
What stimuli do plants Respond to?
Light
Water
Gravity
Where are auxins produced
At the tip of the shoot
What are auxins used for
They encourage cell elongation in shoots
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body (such as constant temp, water balance, etc)
What conditions need to be controlled in the human body in homeostasis?
Temperature
Water content
Blood glucose levels
Maintain CO2 + O2
Phototropism
Directional growth response towards a stimulus of light
The shoots: grow towards the sunlight (positive)
The roots: grow away from it (negative)
Hydrotropism
Directional growth response towards a stimulus of water
The roots: positive grow towards water
Geotropism
Directional growth response towards a stimulus of gravity
The roots: grow towards the stimulus ( positive)
The shoots: grow away from the stimulus (negative)
Response to gravity
Auxins are produced in the tips of the roots and shoots, they collect at the bottom bcuz of gravity
Auxins make one side of the shoot grow faster
This causes the root to curve down towards gravity; this is a positive tropism
After 24 hours one side is growing up
What is the excretion?
The removal of waste substances that have been produced from chemical reactions inside the body, (in cells) such as carbon dioxide and urea in animals.
How is egestion different from excretion?
It is the removal of indigestes material from the body e.g. Faeces.
What are the organs of the xcretion
Lungs
Kidney
Skin- sweat
Function of the kidney
Filters blood, removes waste substances from the body. E.g. Urea, excess water, salt/mineral ions.
What are the bowmans capsule and loop of Henle’s function in removing urea from the blood.
Ultrafiltration in the Bowmans capsule. Blood is put under pressure, so substances can come out.
Loop of Henle- allows for passage of urea
List the substances in the nephron in the order a urea molecule would pass from the blood into the bladder.
Bowmans capsule- proximal convoluted tubule- loop of Henle- dvc- collecting duct- water- bladder
Name one substances reabsorbed in the nephron
Glucose
Which process is used to re absorb glucose
Active transport
What is the name of the hormone responsible for Osmotegulstion
ADH
Function of kidney
Removes urea from the body
Product excreted from the Lungs
CO2
Product excreted from the kidney
Urea
Product excreted from the skin
Sweat
ADH role in osmoregulstion
Control water levels
Learn
Sensory neurone and motor neurone
Hormonal response V nervous response
Nervous sends an electrical impulse/ hormonal sends a chemical message
Nervous speed is rapid/ hormonal speed in slower
Nervous Is very specific/ hormonal has widespread effects
Nervous is short term/ hormonal is long term
The pain receptor in ur skin is stimulated by
Pain
Advantages of the shoot and root responding to gravity
- The shoots will grow away from gravity and towards the light for photosynthesis
- allows roots to be anchored to the ground
- grow towards a source of water
How do respond to gravity?
- Auxins are produced in the tips of roots and shoots they collect at the bottom because of gravity
- auxins make one side of the shoot grow faster
- his causes the root to curve down towards gravity (positive tropism)
- after 24 hours one side is growing up
Phototropism response
The shoots grow towards the light (positive)
The roots grow away from it (negative)
Hydrotropism response
The roots grow towards water (positive)
Geotropism
The roots grow towards the stimulus (positive)
The shoots grow away from the stimulus (negative)
Auxins stimulate
Growth
Label the eye
In folder
Blind spot
Region of retina lacking both rods and cones
Vitreous humour
Maintains eyeball shape, Kelly like fluid helps to focus image
Ciliary body
Help you to focus with the lens
Suspensory ligaments
Attach lens to ciliary body
Conjunctiva
Membrane protects cornea
Choroid
Pigmented: coloured layer, contains blood vessels
Aqueous humour
Watery fluid, fills front chamber of the eye, helps bend light
Fovea
Contains only cones
Ciliary body
Helps you to focus with the lens
Process of reflex reaction
The stimulus is detected by the receptor, impulses travel to the CNS along a cell called a sensory neurone. Impulses then travel from the CNS to the effector along a cell called a motor neurone. The hand is pulled away from the sharp object by the effector.
Describe how the brain is informed of the image detected by the retina
Light padding through the eye and reaching the retina causes an electrical impulse to be sent to the brain along the optic nerve
ADH
Source: pituitary gland
Role: osmoregulstion, conservs water
Insulin
Source: pancreas
Role: causes muscle and liver cells to take glucose from the blood and lowers the blood sugar levels
Adrenaline
Source: adrenal gland
Role: stimulates the fight or flight increases heart rate to prepare for activity
Testosterone
Source: testis
Role: develops secondary sexual characteristics e.g. develop testicles, public hair, voice deepens
Progesterone
Source: ovary
Role: maintains pregnancy/implanted embryo and keeps the uterus lining sick
Oestrogen
Source: ovary
Role: produce a secondary sexual characteristics e.g. development of heart tissue, egg/ovum maturity
Which part of the CNS does the optic nerve go to
The brain
What does the CNS consist of and what is it linked to
Consists of the brain and spinal cord, linked to sense organs by nerves
Lungs product excreted
CO2
Kidney product excreted
Urea
Skin product excreted
Sweat
Kidney diagrams
In folder
Substances in the blood taken into the nephron
Minerals, glucose, water,urea
Not protein or blood cells
Substances reabsorbed back into the blood
Minerals, glucose, water
Not protein, blood cells, UREA
Products in the urine
Minerals, water, urea
Not glucose, protein, blood cells
What does ADH do in osmoregulation
Control water levels
Oamoregularion too much salt
Water content of blood is too low
Receptors in hypothalamus highly stimulated
Lots of ADH hormone is released from the brain
Collecting duct more permeable to water
More water is reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules
Less urine highly concentrated (small volume)
Osmoregulation too much water drunk
Water content of blood is too high
Receptors in hypothalamus less stimulated
Less ADH hormone is released from the brain
The collecting duct is less permeable to water
Less water is reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules
More urine very dilute (high volume)
Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule
Ultrafiltration takes place (blood under pressure) filtering under pressure
Glucose, water, amino acid’s, minerals, urea go out of the blood because they are small (blood cells and proteins are too big)
The Bowmans capsule contains filtered liquid glomerular filtrate
Blood goes on containing mineral ions in water to the proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Glucose is reabsorbed here to prevent it going into The Urine
Selective re–absorption happens here
Looo of henlé
Some water is reabsorbed in this area by osmosis can’t carry any proteins or glucose
Lots of salt which encourages water to go into this area (some minerals re-absorbed)
Collecting duct
Left over substances come here (minerals, water, urea)
Water sets absorbed form here when dehydrated
Controlled by the ADH hormone, makes the collecting duct more permeable, so more water is reabsorbed
Leftover waste liquid = 95% water
The more ADH you have the more water u absorb
