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Biology🖍 > Co-Ordination And Response > Flashcards

Co-Ordination And Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messengers. They are made in the endocrine glands. Travels in blood.

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2
Q

What other system of co-ordination is there in the human body?

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroxin

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4
Q

Pituitary gland

A

ADH LH, growth hormones

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline, aldosterone

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7
Q

Ovary

A

Oestrogen, progesterone

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8
Q

Testis

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

Why do we need neurones and hormones?

A

Responding to changes in the environment

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10
Q

What makes up our endocrine system?

A

Hormones, glands

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11
Q

What makes up our nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, sense organs, neurones, nerves, effectors

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12
Q

Stimuli/stimulus

A

Changed In the environment detected by receptors

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13
Q

Receptor

A

Detect stimuli grouped by sense organs

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14
Q

Sensory neurone

A

Carrys impulses from your sense organs to ur CNS

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15
Q

Motor neurones

A

Carry information from the CNS to the rest of the body

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16
Q

Effector

A

Muscles or glands. Your muscles respond to messages from the motor neurones.

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17
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic responses, travel to spinal cord and avoid brain.

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18
Q

Journey of reaction

A

Receptor, sensory neurone, co-ordinator (CNS), motor neurone, effector

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19
Q

Pupil

A

Let’s light through into the eye

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20
Q

Lens

A

focuses image

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21
Q

Sclera

A

Hard, protective layer around the outside of the eye.

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22
Q

Iris

A

Ring of coloured tissue in the eye, controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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23
Q

Choroid

A

Contains blood vessels and pigment cells, at back of eye.

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24
Q

Retina

A

Contains specialised light- sensitive receptor cells. Converts image into electrical signals.

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25
Q

Rod and cone cells

A

Light sensitive cells. Todd work in dim light and cones work in bright light.

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26
Q

Optic nerve

A

Contiene sensory neurones to pass information to the brain

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27
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer at front of eye, allows light in.

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28
Q

Learn sensory neurone and motor neurone diagrams

A

In book

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29
Q

Réflex arc digafsnr learn

A

In book

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30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Send info across synapse

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31
Q

what controls reflex actions

A

The spinal cord

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32
Q

What coordination system is the eye a part of?

A

The nervous system

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33
Q

What type of organ is the eye?

A

A sense organ

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34
Q

What part of the eye helps to focus an image

A

The lens

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35
Q

What is the name given to plant responses?

A

Trompisms

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36
Q

Positive tropisms

A

Grows towards stimulus

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37
Q

Negative tropism

A

Grows away from stimulus

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38
Q

What stimuli do plants Respond to?

A

Light
Water
Gravity

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39
Q

Where are auxins produced

A

At the tip of the shoot

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40
Q

What are auxins used for

A

They encourage cell elongation in shoots

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41
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body (such as constant temp, water balance, etc)

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42
Q

What conditions need to be controlled in the human body in homeostasis?

A

Temperature
Water content
Blood glucose levels
Maintain CO2 + O2

43
Q

Phototropism

A

Directional growth response towards a stimulus of light

The shoots: grow towards the sunlight (positive)

The roots: grow away from it (negative)

44
Q

Hydrotropism

A

Directional growth response towards a stimulus of water

The roots: positive grow towards water

45
Q

Geotropism

A

Directional growth response towards a stimulus of gravity

The roots: grow towards the stimulus ( positive)

The shoots: grow away from the stimulus (negative)

46
Q

Response to gravity

A

Auxins are produced in the tips of the roots and shoots, they collect at the bottom bcuz of gravity

Auxins make one side of the shoot grow faster

This causes the root to curve down towards gravity; this is a positive tropism

After 24 hours one side is growing up

47
Q

What is the excretion?

A

The removal of waste substances that have been produced from chemical reactions inside the body, (in cells) such as carbon dioxide and urea in animals.

48
Q

How is egestion different from excretion?

A

It is the removal of indigestes material from the body e.g. Faeces.

49
Q

What are the organs of the xcretion

A

Lungs
Kidney
Skin- sweat

50
Q

Function of the kidney

A

Filters blood, removes waste substances from the body. E.g. Urea, excess water, salt/mineral ions.

51
Q

What are the bowmans capsule and loop of Henle’s function in removing urea from the blood.

A

Ultrafiltration in the Bowmans capsule. Blood is put under pressure, so substances can come out.

Loop of Henle- allows for passage of urea

52
Q

List the substances in the nephron in the order a urea molecule would pass from the blood into the bladder.

A

Bowmans capsule- proximal convoluted tubule- loop of Henle- dvc- collecting duct- water- bladder

53
Q

Name one substances reabsorbed in the nephron

A

Glucose

54
Q

Which process is used to re absorb glucose

A

Active transport

55
Q

What is the name of the hormone responsible for Osmotegulstion

A

ADH

56
Q

Function of kidney

A

Removes urea from the body

57
Q

Product excreted from the Lungs

A

CO2

58
Q

Product excreted from the kidney

A

Urea

59
Q

Product excreted from the skin

A

Sweat

60
Q

ADH role in osmoregulstion

A

Control water levels

61
Q

Learn

A

Sensory neurone and motor neurone

61
Q

Hormonal response V nervous response

A

Nervous sends an electrical impulse/ hormonal sends a chemical message

Nervous speed is rapid/ hormonal speed in slower

Nervous Is very specific/ hormonal has widespread effects

Nervous is short term/ hormonal is long term

61
Q

The pain receptor in ur skin is stimulated by

A

Pain

61
Q

Advantages of the shoot and root responding to gravity

A
  • The shoots will grow away from gravity and towards the light for photosynthesis
  • allows roots to be anchored to the ground
  • grow towards a source of water
62
Q

How do respond to gravity?

A
  • Auxins are produced in the tips of roots and shoots they collect at the bottom because of gravity
  • auxins make one side of the shoot grow faster
  • his causes the root to curve down towards gravity (positive tropism)
  • after 24 hours one side is growing up
63
Q

Phototropism response

A

The shoots grow towards the light (positive)

The roots grow away from it (negative)

64
Q

Hydrotropism response

A

The roots grow towards water (positive)

65
Q

Geotropism

A

The roots grow towards the stimulus (positive)

The shoots grow away from the stimulus (negative)

66
Q

Auxins stimulate

A

Growth

67
Q

Label the eye

A

In folder

68
Q

Blind spot

A

Region of retina lacking both rods and cones

69
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Maintains eyeball shape, Kelly like fluid helps to focus image

70
Q

Ciliary body

A

Help you to focus with the lens

71
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Attach lens to ciliary body

72
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Membrane protects cornea

73
Q

Choroid

A

Pigmented: coloured layer, contains blood vessels

74
Q

Aqueous humour

A

Watery fluid, fills front chamber of the eye, helps bend light

75
Q

Fovea

A

Contains only cones

76
Q

Ciliary body

A

Helps you to focus with the lens

77
Q

Process of reflex reaction

A

The stimulus is detected by the receptor, impulses travel to the CNS along a cell called a sensory neurone. Impulses then travel from the CNS to the effector along a cell called a motor neurone. The hand is pulled away from the sharp object by the effector.

78
Q

Describe how the brain is informed of the image detected by the retina

A

Light padding through the eye and reaching the retina causes an electrical impulse to be sent to the brain along the optic nerve

79
Q

ADH

A

Source: pituitary gland

Role: osmoregulstion, conservs water

80
Q

Insulin

A

Source: pancreas

Role: causes muscle and liver cells to take glucose from the blood and lowers the blood sugar levels

81
Q

Adrenaline

A

Source: adrenal gland

Role: stimulates the fight or flight increases heart rate to prepare for activity

82
Q

Testosterone

A

Source: testis

Role: develops secondary sexual characteristics e.g. develop testicles, public hair, voice deepens

83
Q

Progesterone

A

Source: ovary

Role: maintains pregnancy/implanted embryo and keeps the uterus lining sick

84
Q

Oestrogen

A

Source: ovary

Role: produce a secondary sexual characteristics e.g. development of heart tissue, egg/ovum maturity

85
Q

Which part of the CNS does the optic nerve go to

A

The brain

86
Q

What does the CNS consist of and what is it linked to

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, linked to sense organs by nerves

87
Q

Lungs product excreted

A

CO2

88
Q

Kidney product excreted

A

Urea

89
Q

Skin product excreted

A

Sweat

90
Q

Kidney diagrams

A

In folder

91
Q

Substances in the blood taken into the nephron

A

Minerals, glucose, water,urea

Not protein or blood cells

92
Q

Substances reabsorbed back into the blood

A

Minerals, glucose, water

Not protein, blood cells, UREA

93
Q

Products in the urine

A

Minerals, water, urea

Not glucose, protein, blood cells

94
Q

What does ADH do in osmoregulation

A

Control water levels

95
Q

Oamoregularion too much salt

A

Water content of blood is too low

Receptors in hypothalamus highly stimulated

Lots of ADH hormone is released from the brain

Collecting duct more permeable to water

More water is reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules

Less urine highly concentrated (small volume)

96
Q

Osmoregulation too much water drunk

A

Water content of blood is too high

Receptors in hypothalamus less stimulated

Less ADH hormone is released from the brain

The collecting duct is less permeable to water

Less water is reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules

More urine very dilute (high volume)

97
Q

Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

A

Ultrafiltration takes place (blood under pressure) filtering under pressure

Glucose, water, amino acid’s, minerals, urea go out of the blood because they are small (blood cells and proteins are too big)

The Bowmans capsule contains filtered liquid glomerular filtrate

Blood goes on containing mineral ions in water to the proximal convoluted tubule

98
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

Glucose is reabsorbed here to prevent it going into The Urine

Selective re–absorption happens here

99
Q

Looo of henlé

A

Some water is reabsorbed in this area by osmosis can’t carry any proteins or glucose

Lots of salt which encourages water to go into this area (some minerals re-absorbed)

100
Q

Collecting duct

A

Left over substances come here (minerals, water, urea)

Water sets absorbed form here when dehydrated

Controlled by the ADH hormone, makes the collecting duct more permeable, so more water is reabsorbed

Leftover waste liquid = 95% water

The more ADH you have the more water u absorb

Biology🖍 (11 decks)

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