inheritance variation and evolution

Question 1

what is DNA

Answer 1

It’s the chemical that all of the genetic material in a cell is made up of

Question 2

What does DNA contain

Answer 2

Coded information

Question 3

Where is DNA found

Answer 3

Nucleus of a cell in really long stands called chromosomes

Question 4

Describe Shape of DNA

Answer 4

It is a polymer
Double helix-It is made up of two strands cooked together

Question 5

What is a gene

Answer 5

Small section of DNA found in a chromosome

Question 6

What does each gene dp

Answer 6

Coded for a particular sequence of amino acids which are put together to make a specific protein

Question 7

variation

Answer 7

is all the differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

Question 8

causes of variation

Answer 8

genetic variation

environment

Question 9

cause of variation

Answer 9

alleles that individuals have inherited from their parents

Question 10

genetic variation examples

Answer 10

hair colour

eye colour

Question 11

environmental variation examples

Answer 11

colour of (some) flowers depends on the PH of the soil

language in humans

Question 12

variations that are caused by both genes and environmental factors

Answer 12

height
genetics-alleles that make them likely to grow taller
environment; diet must include calcium for bones to fully develop

Question 13

in any population of a species there’s a massive amount of genetic variation due to

Answer 13

mutations

Question 14

what are mutations

Answer 14

random changes to the dna

Question 15

true or false
mutations have an effect on the phenotype

Answer 15

false
mutations do not affect the phenotype but some mutations can influence the phenotype

Question 16

what is genetic engineering?

Answer 16

when genes from one organism are cut ou and transferred ti cells of a different organism

Question 17

evolution by natural selection is the process by which

Answer 17

all species of living things have evolved through these simple life forms

Question 18

4 types of selective breeding

Answer 18

dogs= gentle nature

food crops=disease resistance

cows=more meat/milk

plants=large or unusual flowers

Question 19

stages of selective breeding (cows as an example)

Answer 19

take a mixed population of cows and select the largest male and female

breed together

(the offspring will be a mixture of larger and smaller animals as sexual reproduction causes variation in the offspring)

select the largest male and female offspring and breed these together

continue doing this for many generations until all the offspring are large

Question 20

problem with selective breeding

Answer 20

if we breed together closely related animals or plants we can get INBREEDING

Question 21

problems of inbreeding

Answer 21

can cause some breeds to be prone to disease or inherited defects

Question 22

what is insulin

Answer 22

hormone involved in blood glucose regulation in humans

Question 23

what is the problem with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 23

they cannot produce their own insulin and have to inject themselves with insulin regularly

Question 24

how is insulin and genetic engineering linked?

Answer 24

bacteria have been modified to contain the human insulin gene
these bacteria now produce human insulin
insulin can be purified and used for type 1 diabetes

Question 25

GM crops

Answer 25

produce a greater YIELD than regular crops as they have been genetically engineered

Question 26

how can GM crops be modified

Answer 26

we can make GM crops resistant to disease or insect attacks or produce bigger and better fruits some are resistant to herbicides

Question 27

peoples scepticism about gm crops

Answer 27

we need to do more research on the health effects of eating GM crops

Question 28

gene therapy

Answer 28

genetic modification is currently being used as a way to treat inherited disorders In hums

Question 29

scepticism of gene therapy

Answer 29

if we were to modify a gene wedont know the potential effects on other genes

Question 30

main steps in genetic engeineering

Answer 30

1) identify the gene we want to transfer 2)use enzymes to isolate the gene 3) we transfer the gene into a plasmid (small circle of DNA) we can also use a virus (because the plasmids or virus transfer the DNA from one organism to another scientists call them vectors) 4)finally the desired gene is transferred into the cells of the target organism

Question 31

Define term heterozygous

Answer 31

Both the dominant and recessive allele for a gene

Question 32

which scientist developed the linnaen classification system

Answer 32

Carl Linnaean

Question 33

give the the seven categories of the Linnaean classification system in the correct order

Answer 33

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 34

what did Linnaeus use to classify organisms

Answer 34

the structures and characteristics

Question 35

which scientist developed the 3 domain classification system

Answer 35

Carl Woese

Question 36

what is the binomial system

Answer 36

a way of naming organisms using their genus and species

Question 37

advantages of the binomial system

Answer 37

organisms have a standard name thats the same in different countries and languages the genus part of names shows relationships between organisms

Question 38

what are the domains of the three-classification system (carl woese)

Answer 38

archaea bacteria eukaryota

Question 39

examples of organisms found in the eukaryota (4)

Answer 39

Protists Fungi plants animals

Question 40

Archaea

Answer 40

extremophiles primitive bacteria usually found in extreme environments

Question 41

Eukaryota

Answer 41

these include protists fungi plants and animals

Question 42

what is the genus name

Answer 42

the first part of the two part binomial naming system

Question 43

two characteristics or features of organisms in domain archaea

Answer 43

can survive in extreme environments cytoplasm contains DNA

Question 44

Carl linnaneus classified living things into groups depending on their appearance give three types of evidence that are used now to classify living things

Answer 44

Genetic analysis (DNA) Classified according to evolution Difference in cell structures (animal cells, plants and bacteria cells)

Question 45

Steps of IVF

Answer 45

Matured eggs are havested Screen eggs (detect genetic deseases) external fertilisation Embryos are inserted back into uterus

Question 46

The five kingdoms

Answer 46

Plant kingdom Animal kingdom Fungi Protoctista (bacteria) Protozoa Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia