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biology > inheritance variation and evolution > Flashcards

inheritance variation and evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is DNA

A

It’s the chemical that all of the genetic material in a cell is made up of

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2
Q

What does DNA contain

A

Coded information

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3
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Nucleus of a cell in really long stands called chromosomes

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4
Q

Describe Shape of DNA

A

It is a polymer
Double helix-It is made up of two strands cooked together

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5
Q

What is a gene

A

Small section of DNA found in a chromosome

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6
Q

What does each gene dp

A

Coded for a particular sequence of amino acids which are put together to make a specific protein

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7
Q

variation

A

is all the differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

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8
Q

causes of variation

A

genetic variation

environment

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9
Q

cause of variation

A

alleles that individuals have inherited from their parents

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10
Q

genetic variation examples

A

hair colour

eye colour

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11
Q

environmental variation examples

A

colour of (some) flowers depends on the PH of the soil

language in humans

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12
Q

variations that are caused by both genes and environmental factors

A

height
genetics-alleles that make them likely to grow taller
environment; diet must include calcium for bones to fully develop

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13
Q

in any population of a species there’s a massive amount of genetic variation due to

A

mutations

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14
Q

what are mutations

A

random changes to the dna

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15
Q

true or false
mutations have an effect on the phenotype

A

false
mutations do not affect the phenotype but some mutations can influence the phenotype

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16
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

when genes from one organism are cut ou and transferred ti cells of a different organism

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17
Q

evolution by natural selection is the process by which

A

all species of living things have evolved through these simple life forms

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18
Q

4 types of selective breeding

A

dogs= gentle nature

food crops=disease resistance

cows=more meat/milk

plants=large or unusual flowers

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19
Q

stages of selective breeding (cows as an example)

A

take a mixed population of cows and select the largest male and female

breed together

(the offspring will be a mixture of larger and smaller animals as sexual reproduction causes variation in the offspring)

select the largest male and female offspring and breed these together

continue doing this for many generations until all the offspring are large

20
Q

problem with selective breeding

A

if we breed together closely related animals or plants we can get INBREEDING

21
Q

problems of inbreeding

A

can cause some breeds to be prone to disease or inherited defects

22
Q

what is insulin

A

hormone involved in blood glucose regulation in humans

23
Q

what is the problem with type 1 diabetes?

A

they cannot produce their own insulin and have to inject themselves with insulin regularly

24
Q

how is insulin and genetic engineering linked?

A

bacteria have been modified to contain the human insulin gene
these bacteria now produce human insulin
insulin can be purified and used for type 1 diabetes

25
Q

GM crops

A

produce a greater YIELD than regular crops as they have been genetically engineered

26
Q

how can GM crops be modified

A

we can make GM crops resistant to disease or insect attacks
or produce bigger and better fruits
some are resistant to herbicides

27
Q

peoples scepticism about gm crops

A

we need to do more research on the health effects of eating GM crops

28
Q

gene therapy

A

genetic modification is currently being used as a way to treat inherited disorders In hums

29
Q

scepticism of gene therapy

A

if we were to modify a gene wedont know the potential effects on other genes

30
Q

main steps in genetic engeineering

A

1) identify the gene we want to transfer

2)use enzymes to isolate the gene

3) we transfer the gene into a plasmid (small circle of DNA)
we can also use a virus (because the plasmids or virus transfer the DNA from one organism to another scientists call them vectors)

4)finally the desired gene is transferred into the cells of the target organism

31
Q

Define term heterozygous

A

Both the dominant and recessive allele for a gene

32
Q

which scientist developed the linnaen classification system

A

Carl Linnaean

33
Q

give the the seven categories of the Linnaean classification system in the correct order

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

34
Q

what did Linnaeus use to classify organisms

A

the structures and characteristics

35
Q

which scientist developed the 3 domain classification system

A

Carl Woese

36
Q

what is the binomial system

A

a way of naming organisms using their genus and species

37
Q

advantages of the binomial system

A

organisms have a standard name thats the same in different countries and languages

the genus part of names shows relationships between organisms

38
Q

what are the domains of the three-classification system (carl woese)

A

archaea
bacteria
eukaryota

39
Q

examples of organisms found in the eukaryota (4)

A

Protists
Fungi
plants
animals

40
Q

Archaea

A

extremophiles
primitive bacteria usually found in extreme environments

41
Q

Eukaryota

A

these include protists fungi plants and animals

42
Q

what is the genus name

A

the first part of the two part binomial naming system

43
Q

two characteristics or features of organisms in domain archaea

A

can survive in extreme environments

cytoplasm contains DNA

44
Q

Carl linnaneus classified living things into groups depending on their appearance

give three types of evidence that are used now to classify living things

A

Genetic analysis (DNA)

Classified according to evolution

Difference in cell structures (animal cells, plants and bacteria cells)

45
Q

Steps of IVF

A

Matured eggs are havested

Screen eggs (detect genetic deseases)

external fertilisation

Embryos are inserted back into uterus

46
Q

The five kingdoms

A

Plant kingdom
Animal kingdom
Fungi

Protoctista (bacteria)

Protozoa

Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

biology (8 decks)

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