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Biology > Inheritance, variation and evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, variation and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Does meiosis lead to identical cells or non identical cells being formed?

A

Non identical cells

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2
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction between flowering plants?

A

Pollen and egg cells

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4
Q

Why in sexual reproduction is there a variety of offspring?

A

There is a mix of genetic information

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5
Q

Why in asexual reproduction is there not a variety of offspring?

A

Only one parent, Therefore no mixing of genetic information

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6
Q

What does meiosis do to the chromosomes in gametes?

A

Halves them

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7
Q

What does fertilisation do?

A

Restore the full number of chromosomes

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8
Q

What do cells in reproductive organs form into?

A

Gametes

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9
Q

In meiosis how many times does a cell divide, and how many gametes does that form?

A

Divides twice to form four gametes

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10
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell?

A

In the genetic material of the nucleus

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

A polymer

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12
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Two Strands forming a double helix.

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13
Q

What is DNA contained in?

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome

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15
Q

What does each gene do?

A

Codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein

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16
Q

What is the Genome of an organism?

A

The entire genetic material of the organism

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17
Q

What is the importance of understanding the human Genome?

A

We can search for genes linked to different types of disease

Understand and treat inherited disorders

We can use it to trace human migration patterns from the past

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18
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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19
Q

What is homozygous?

A

alleles that are both identical for the same characteristic

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20
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

alleles that are both different for the same characteristic

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21
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the collection of alleles that determine an organism’s characteristics

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22
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The particular version of a characteristic seen in an individual

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23
Q

Are dominant alleles, always expressed, or sometimes only expressed if two copies are present?

A

Always

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24
Q

How are disorders inherited?

A

By the inheritance of certain alleles

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25
Q

What is the disorder polydactyly caused by?

A

A dominant allele

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26
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

Recessive allele

27
Q

What are the advantages of embryo screening?

A

It will help to stop people from suffering

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of embryo screening?

A

Costs the government a lot of money

29
Q

How many chromosomes do ordinary human body cells contain?

A

23 pairs
46. Chromosomes.

30
Q

What do the 22 pairs of the chroma zones in the human body control?

A

Control characteristics only

31
Q

What do 1 of the pairs out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human body carry?

A

Carry’s the genes that determine sex

32
Q

In females, are the sex chromosomes, the same or different?

A

The same

33
Q

In males are the chromosomes, the same or different

A

Different

34
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in the characteristics of individuals in a population

35
Q

What are causes of variation?

A

The genes they have inherited

They conditions in which they have developed

Combination of genes and environment

36
Q

When do mutations occur?

A

Continuously

37
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time for a process of natural selection, which may result in the formation of a new species

38
Q

What does the theory of evolution state?

A

All species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than 3 billion years ago

39
Q

How does evolution occur?

A

Natural selection of variants that give rise to the phenotype, best suited to the environment

40
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The The process by which Humans breed plants in animals for particular genetic characteristics

41
Q

What are some examples of selective breeding?

A

Disease resistance in food crops, animals which produce more meat and milk, domestic dogs with a gentle nature, large or unusual flowers

42
Q

What Can selective breeding lead to?

A

Inbreeding

43
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desire characteristic

44
Q

What is an example involving a bacteria cell which has been genetically engineered?

A

Bacteria cells engineer to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes

45
Q

What are GM crops?

A

Crops that are resistant to insect attack or two herbicides and generally Show increased yields

46
Q

What are some concerns about GM crops?

A

The effect on the populations of wildflowers and insects, some people feel the effects of eating GM crops and human health have not been fully explored

47
Q

What are the main steps in the process of genetic engineering?

A
  1. Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene, This gene is inserted into a vector usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus

2.The vector used to insert the gene into the required cells

  1. Genes are transferred to cells of the animals, plants or microorganisms an early stage in a development develop with desired characteristics
48
Q

What are the 2 Pieces of evidence we have for evolution?

A

Fossils And antibiotic resistance in bacteria

49
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of organisms from millions of years ago which are found in rocks

50
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

From parts of organisms that have not decayed because one or more of the conditions needed for decay are absent

51
Q

Why can scientists not be certain about how life began on Earth?

A

Many early forms of life is softbodied, which means that they have left few traces behind What traces there were have been mainly destroyed by geological activity

52
Q

What can we learn from the fossils?

A

How much or how little different organisms have changed as life has developed on

53
Q

When do extinctions occur?

A

When there are no remaining individuals of species still alive

54
Q

Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?

A

Because they reproduce at a fast rate

55
Q

What do mutations of bacterial pathogens produce?

A

New strains

56
Q

What is one example of a bacteria resistant to antibiotics?

A

MRSA

57
Q

How can they reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains?

A

Doctors should not prescribe antibiotics inappropriately such as treating non-serious or viral infections

58
Q

What is a disadvantage of Developing new antibiotics?

A

Costly and slow

59
Q

What is Linnaeus’s Classification?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

60
Q

How organisms named by Carl Linnaeus?

A

By the binomial system of genius and species

61
Q

What is the three-domains system developed by Carl woese ?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota

62
Q

What is binary fission ?

A

Reproduction in bacteria

63
Q

What is the genotype of male offspring ?

A

XY

64
Q

What is the genotype for female offspring ?

A

XX

Biology (7 decks)

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