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Inheritance Unit Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

“In between phenotype” both alleles seen in phenotype of heterozygotes, one doesn’t mask other
EX: Red + White flower= Pink Flower

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2
Q

Codominance

A

Heterozygote expresses BOTH ALLELS EQUALLY in phenotype EX: Red + White flower= red AND white flower

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3
Q

Multiple Allele

A

Some genes have more than 2 alleles available in population resulting in many combos of two alleles
EX: Blood Type in Humans

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4
Q

Polygenic

A

Inheritance for trait depends on two or more genes and their combined effects
EX: Human Skin Color at least 3 genes contribute to this trait

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5
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of artificial methods to modify or change genetic material of living organisms to produce new compounds or preform new functions

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6
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

Recombinant DNA received is from another species

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7
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms

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8
Q

GMO’s

A

Genetically modified organisms. DNA that has been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms

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9
Q

Clone

A

Offspring that are produced by mitosis and are genetically identical to each other

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10
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique used to separate charged molecules based on size and charge

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11
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

DNA editing uses piece of guiding RNA and matches to the targeted part of host DNA

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12
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Recognizes specific locations of DNA & makes cuts sequence

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13
Q

Inheritance

A

Evolution in which traits acquired by individuals through use could be passed onto their offspring

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14
Q

Gene

A

Physical & Functional unit of heredity; sequence of DNA codes for specific peptide or RNA molecule

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15
Q

Locus

A

Position of chromosomes in diploid organisms that are similar

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16
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes in diploid organisms that are similar in structure, size, and genetic content but different version of genes (Alleles)

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17
Q

Alleles

A

One or Two more variants of gene that determines particular trait for characteristic

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18
Q

Dominant

A

Expresses trait in just one copy EX: TT or Tt

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19
Q

Recessive

A

Expressed trait if two copies are present EX: tt

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20
Q

Homozygote

A

Individual with two identical alleles for particular gene
EX: AA or aa

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21
Q

True Breeding

A

Homozygous for specific trait bred with another of the same genotype produces offspring with same phenotype EX: PP

22
Q

Purebred

A

Used to describe an organisms with a homozygotes genotype for specific traits

23
Q

Heterozygous/Hybrid

A

Hetero: Two different alleles for given gene on homologous chromosomes
Hybrid: Offspring resulting from crossbreeding of parents with different genetic traits

24
Q

Mendel

A

Introduced scientific and predictable approach to studying inheritance
EX: Pea Plant Experiment, studied inheritance of pea plants selecting distinguishable traits tracked how traits appeared in offspring

25
Mendel's Experiments: P to F1 to F2
Experiments, like pea plant, followed a clear sequence from P (parental) generation to F1 (1st filial) generation and F2 (2nd filial) generation. Demonstrated how traits are inherited according to specific laws of inheritance
26
Monohybrid ratio
Monohybrid cross involves inheritance of a single trait where parents differ in only one characteristic. 3:1 phenotypic ratio 1:2:1 genotypic ratio
27
Law of Dominance
When two different traits for allele present in organism, dominant allele will mask the expression of recessive allele in organisms phenotype EX: Purple (P) flower color dominant to white (p)
28
Law of Segregation
Each organism has two alleles for each trait these alleles segregate during formation of gametes meaning each gamete carries only one allele for each gene EX: Parent PP can only produce P gametes because both alleles P and other pp only produce p gametes
29
Law of Independent Assortement
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other EX: Inheritance of seed color doesn't affect inheritance of seed shape
30
Genotype
Underlying genetic makeup refers to combination of alleles inherited from parents EX: (AA, Aa, aa)
31
Phenotype
Physical traits of an organism determined by interaction between its genotype and environment EX: PP= Purple flowers pp= White Flowers
32
Test Cross
Genetic experiment used to determine genotype of individual exhibiting dominate phenotype
33
Punnett Square
Diagram used in genetics to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
34
Sex Chromosomes
X & Y chromosomes determine biological sex of organisms often carry genes that determine sex-linked traits
35
Karyotype
Number and appearance of a persons chromosomes including size, banding patterns, and centromere position
36
Linked Genes
Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis because they don't assort independently
37
Pleiotropy
When single gene influences multiple unrelated traits in organisms
38
Pedigree
Diagram used in genetics that represents inheritance of traits or disorders
39
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Caused by dominant allele on an autosome, only one dominant allele (A) required to express the trait, doesn't skip generations, have at least one affected parent
40
Autosomal Recessive
Caused by recessive allele (a) on autosome, two copies of recessive allele (aa) needed for trait to be expressed, can skip generations
41
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Caused by dominant or recessive allele on X chromosome, Males (XY) more frequently affected by recessive because only one X chromosome
42
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
43
Genetic Engineering
Modification of genetic material of an organism
44
Transgenic Organisms
Recombinant DNA (altered DNA) received is from another species
45
Human Genome Project
launched in 1990 with the goal of determining the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in our entire set of genes
46
Plasmid
Small, circular piece of DNA (cytoplasm of bacteria) that doesn't carry functioning genes, but may carry genes that assist bacterial survival in some environments
47
STR
Short Tandem Repeats: Simple sequence DNA containing multiple adjacent repeated units of two to five nucleotides. varies from individual to individual
48
Gene Therapy
Technique that replaces, alters, or deletes a gene to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome
49
DNA Ligase
Permanently joins DNA fragments when sticky ends come together
50
Sex Linked (X-linked) inheritance
X & Y are sex chromosomes in humans X-linked traits are present on the X chromosome but not the Y

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