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DC Bio > Inheritance Unit Exam > Flashcards

Inheritance Unit Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

“In between phenotype” both alleles seen in phenotype of heterozygotes, one doesn’t mask other
EX: Red + White flower= Pink Flower

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2
Q

Codominance

A

Heterozygote expresses BOTH ALLELS EQUALLY in phenotype EX: Red + White flower= red AND white flower

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3
Q

Multiple Allele

A

Some genes have more than 2 alleles available in population resulting in many combos of two alleles
EX: Blood Type in Humans

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4
Q

Polygenic

A

Inheritance for trait depends on two or more genes and their combined effects
EX: Human Skin Color at least 3 genes contribute to this trait

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5
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of artificial methods to modify or change genetic material of living organisms to produce new compounds or preform new functions

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6
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

Recombinant DNA received is from another species

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7
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms

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8
Q

GMO’s

A

Genetically modified organisms. DNA that has been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms

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9
Q

Clone

A

Offspring that are produced by mitosis and are genetically identical to each other

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10
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique used to separate charged molecules based on size and charge

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11
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

DNA editing uses piece of guiding RNA and matches to the targeted part of host DNA

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12
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Recognizes specific locations of DNA & makes cuts sequence

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13
Q

Inheritance

A

Evolution in which traits acquired by individuals through use could be passed onto their offspring

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14
Q

Gene

A

Physical & Functional unit of heredity; sequence of DNA codes for specific peptide or RNA molecule

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15
Q

Locus

A

Position of chromosomes in diploid organisms that are similar

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16
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes in diploid organisms that are similar in structure, size, and genetic content but different version of genes (Alleles)

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17
Q

Alleles

A

One or Two more variants of gene that determines particular trait for characteristic

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18
Q

Dominant

A

Expresses trait in just one copy EX: TT or Tt

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19
Q

Recessive

A

Expressed trait if two copies are present EX: tt

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20
Q

Homozygote

A

Individual with two identical alleles for particular gene
EX: AA or aa

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21
Q

True Breeding

A

Homozygous for specific trait bred with another of the same genotype produces offspring with same phenotype EX: PP

22
Q

Purebred

A

Used to describe an organisms with a homozygotes genotype for specific traits

23
Q

Heterozygous/Hybrid

A

Hetero: Two different alleles for given gene on homologous chromosomes
Hybrid: Offspring resulting from crossbreeding of parents with different genetic traits

24
Q

Mendel

A

Introduced scientific and predictable approach to studying inheritance
EX: Pea Plant Experiment, studied inheritance of pea plants selecting distinguishable traits tracked how traits appeared in offspring

25
Q

Mendel’s Experiments: P to F1 to F2

A

Experiments, like pea plant, followed a clear sequence from P (parental) generation to F1 (1st filial) generation and F2 (2nd filial) generation. Demonstrated how traits are inherited according to specific laws of inheritance

26
Q

Monohybrid ratio

A

Monohybrid cross involves inheritance of a single trait where parents differ in only one characteristic.
3:1 phenotypic ratio
1:2:1 genotypic ratio

27
Q

Law of Dominance

A

When two different traits for allele present in organism, dominant allele will mask the expression of recessive allele in organisms phenotype
EX: Purple (P) flower color dominant to white (p)

28
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Each organism has two alleles for each trait these alleles segregate during formation of gametes meaning each gamete carries only one allele for each gene
EX: Parent PP can only produce P gametes because both alleles P and other pp only produce p gametes

29
Q

Law of Independent Assortement

A

Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
EX: Inheritance of seed color doesn’t affect inheritance of seed shape

30
Q

Genotype

A

Underlying genetic makeup refers to combination of alleles inherited from parents EX: (AA, Aa, aa)

31
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical traits of an organism determined by interaction between its genotype and environment
EX: PP= Purple flowers pp= White Flowers

32
Q

Test Cross

A

Genetic experiment used to determine genotype of individual exhibiting dominate phenotype

33
Q

Punnett Square

A

Diagram used in genetics to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

34
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

X & Y chromosomes determine biological sex of organisms often carry genes that determine sex-linked traits

35
Q

Karyotype

A

Number and appearance of a persons chromosomes including size, banding patterns, and centromere position

36
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis because they don’t assort independently

37
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When single gene influences multiple unrelated traits in organisms

38
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram used in genetics that represents inheritance of traits or disorders

39
Q

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

A

Caused by dominant allele on an autosome, only one dominant allele (A) required to express the trait, doesn’t skip generations, have at least one affected parent

40
Q

Autosomal Recessive

A

Caused by recessive allele (a) on autosome, two copies of recessive allele (aa) needed for trait to be expressed, can skip generations

41
Q

Sex-Linked Inheritance

A

Caused by dominant or recessive allele on X chromosome, Males (XY) more frequently affected by recessive because only one X chromosome

42
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

43
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Modification of genetic material of an organism

44
Q

Transgenic Organisms

A

Recombinant DNA (altered DNA) received is from another species

45
Q

Human Genome Project

A

launched in 1990 with the goal of determining the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in our entire set of genes

46
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, circular piece of DNA (cytoplasm of bacteria) that doesn’t carry functioning genes, but may carry genes that assist bacterial survival in some environments

47
Q

STR

A

Short Tandem Repeats: Simple sequence DNA containing multiple adjacent repeated units of two to five nucleotides. varies from individual to individual

48
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Technique that replaces, alters, or deletes a gene to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome

49
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Permanently joins DNA fragments when sticky ends come together

50
Q

Sex Linked (X-linked) inheritance

A

X & Y are sex chromosomes in humans X-linked traits are present on the X chromosome but not the Y

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