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DC Bio > DC BIO FINAL-Unit 4: Inheritance > Flashcards

DC BIO FINAL-Unit 4: Inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Inheritance

A

Evolution in which traits acquired by individuals through use could be passed on to their offspring

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2
Q

Genes

A

Physical & functional unit of heredity & sequence of DNA codes for specific peptide or RNA molecule

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3
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

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4
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes in diploid organisms that are similar in structure, size, and genetic content but different versions of genes (alleles)

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5
Q

Alleles

A

One or two more variants of gene that determine particular traits for characteristics

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6
Q

Dominant

A

Expresses trait in just one copy TT or Tt

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7
Q

Recessive

A

Expresses trait if two copies present tt

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8
Q

Heterozygous/Hybrid

A

Hetero: Two different alleles for given gene on homologous chromosomes
Hybrid: Offspring resulting from crossbreeding of parents with different genetic traits

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9
Q

Mendel

A

Introduced scentific, predictable approach to studying inheritance EX: Pea Plant

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10
Q

Mendel’s experiments
P to F1 to F2

A

W/ experiments like pea plant followed clear sequence from P (parental) generation to F1 (1st filial) generation and F2 (2nd filial) generation.
Demonstrated how traits are inherited according to specific laws of inheritance

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11
Q

Monohybrid Ratio

A

3:1

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12
Q

Dihybrid Ratio

A

1:21

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13
Q

Law of Dominance

A

One trait is completely dominant over the other

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14
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Each organism has 2 alleles for each trait alleles segregate during the formation of gametes

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15
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Genes do not influence each other about sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

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16
Q

Genotype

A

Underlying genetic makeup refers to combo of alleles inherited from parents

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical traits

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18
Q

Test Cross

A

Genetic experiments used to determine the genotype of an individual exhibiting dominant phenotype

19
Q

Punnett Square

A

Diagram used in genetics to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

20
Q

Autosomes

A

Any of the non-sex chromosomes

21
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

X & Y chromosomes determine the biological sex of an organism

22
Q

Karyotype

A

and appearance of a person’s chromosomes, size, banding patterns, and centromere position

23
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located close to each other on the same chromosome

24
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

“In between phenotype” both alleles seen in phenotype of heterozygotes, one doesn’t mask the other
EX: Red + White Flower = Pink Flower

25
Q

Codominance

A

Heterozygote expresses both alleles equally in phenotype
EX: Red + White Flower = Red & White Flower

26
Q

Multiple Allele

A

Some genes have more than 2 alleles available in population resulting in many combos of two alleles
EX: Blood type in humans

27
Q

Polygenic

A

Bell curve. Inheritance for a trait depends on two or more genes and their combined effects
EX: Human Ski color at least 3 genes contribute to trait

28
Q

Pleiotropy

A

A single gene influences multiple traits in an organism

29
Q

Environmental Influence

A

Temperature/sun exposure can change gene expression of individuals

30
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram used in genetics represents inheritance of tait or disorders

31
Q

Autosomal Dominant

A

Caused by dominant allele on autosome only one to express trait

32
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

33
Q

Biotechnology

A

Use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms to produce new compounds or perform new functions

34
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Modification of genetic material of an organism

35
Q

Transgenic organisms
GMOS

A

TO: Recombinant (altered DNA) received is from another species
GMOS: Orgniamss that have received recombinant DNA

36
Q

Clone

A

Reproductive: Makes identical copy of entire multi-cellular organism
Molecular: Makes an exact copy of short piece of DNA

37
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Goal: Determine nucleotide sequence of all DNA in our entire set of genes

38
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

DNA can cut into smaller fragments & separated by gel electrophoresis; technique used to separate charged molecules based on size and charge

39
Q

CRISPR-Cas9

A

DNA editing uses pieces of guide RNA matching targeted part of host DNA

40
Q

STR

A

Short tandem repeats

41
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that’s been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms

42
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Recognizes specific locations of DNA & makes cuts

43
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Permanently joins DNA fragments when sticky ends come together

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