Inheritance

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

The entirety of an organism’s DNA

Question 2

Genome’s function

Answer 2

Each gene within the genome codes for a particular sequence of amino acids. These sequences of amino acids form different types of proteins (enzymes, hormones, structural proteins like collagen)

Question 3

How are chromosomes formed?

Answer 3

DNA double helix supercoils to form chromosomes

Question 4

DNA Structure

Answer 4

double helix shape, complementary bases (Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine), and sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 5

RNA structure

Answer 5

• Uracil replaces Thymine
• Single strand

Question 6

Protein synthesis

Answer 6

Process of turning a gene into a specific sequence of amino acids (that in turn makes up a specific protein)

Question 7

Transcription

Answer 7

DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced

Question 8

Translation

Answer 8

mRNA is translated and an amino acid sequence is produced

Question 9

Transcription role

Answer 9

Its role is to produce a copy of a section of DNA in the form of a strand of mRNA:
1. DNA double helix unwinds and unzips (hydrogen bonds break)
2. One strand acts as a template to make mRNA according to the complementary bases rule. e.g A-U, T-A, C-G, G-C

Question 10

Translation role

Answer 10

Occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a chain of amino acids to form a protein:
1. mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome

Question 11

Alleles

Answer 11

Variations of the same gene

Question 12

Phenotype

Answer 12

Observable characteristics such as eye colour and blood type

Question 13

Genotype

Answer 13

The combination of alleles that control each characteristic

Question 13

Dominant and recessive alleles

Answer 13

Dominant allele: Only needs to be inherited from on parent for the characteristic to show up on the phenotype

Recessive allele: Needs to be inherited from both parents for the characteristic to show up on the phenotype

Question 14

Family Pedigrees

Answer 14

It helps work out the probability that someone in the family inherits a genetic disorder

Question 15

Sex chromosomes

Answer 15

Male carry XY chromosomes and Female carry XX chromosomes. If a child inherits a Y chromosome it will become a male

Question 16

Punnett Squares

Answer 16

It can determine the sex of a child

Question 17

Mitosis

Answer 17

Function: Growth, repair damaged tissues, asexual reproduction

Question 18

Meiosis

Answer 18

Function: The production of gametes and increasing genetic variation of offspring

Question 19

Mitosis v Meiosis

Answer 19

Mitosis: Two cells produced, diploid, daughter cells are genetically identical to each other, one cell division

Meiosis: 4 cells produced, haploid, daughter cells genetically different, two cell divisions

Question 20

Genetic variations

Answer 20

Ear lobes, eye colour, gender

Question 21

Diploid cell

Answer 21

Two complete sets of chromosomes 23 pairs (46) chromosomes in nucleus

Question 22

Haploid cell

Answer 22

one complete set of chromosomes, haploid cells are called gametes

Question 23

Mutations

Answer 23

Mutations occur in the sequences of DNA bases, could lead to change in protein that the gene codes for

Question 24

Theory of Natural selection

Answer 24

Individuals that show variation due to mutation have higher chances of survival in there environment.

Question 25

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 25

1. Random mutation occurs and a new bacterial allele codes for the antibiotic resistance
2. If it survives, when you reproduce a new offspring the resistance allele will most likely be there and the antibiotic will most likely not work anymore.