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inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an allele

A

different forms of the same gene

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2
Q

dominant

A

allele of a gene that is always expressed in the heterozygous genotype

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3
Q

recessive

A

allele that is not expressed in the phenotype when a dominant allele of the gene is present

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4
Q

genotype

A

alleles an organism has for a certain characteristic eg:BB, homozygous dominant

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5
Q

phenotype

A

how a gene is expressed. the ‘appearance’ of an organism resulting from its genotype

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6
Q

homozygous

A

genotype with the same alleles of a gene, eg: AA or aa

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7
Q

heterozygous

A

genotype with different alleles of a gene, eg:Aa

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8
Q

codominant

A

if 2 alleles are expressed in the same phenotype- they are called codominant

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9
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

when many characteristics are controlled by 2 or more genes working together’

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10
Q

what is an example of polygenic inheritance

A

human skin colour

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11
Q

why do the offspring from sexual reproduction vary genetically

A

huge variation in gametes, so it is random in which fertilisation takes place (RANDOM FERTILISATION)

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12
Q

list three ways how twins are identical caused by genetics

A

-eye colour
-DNA
-height

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13
Q

list three ways how twins are identical caused by environment

A

-personality
-weight
-hair colour

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14
Q

what is the shape of DNA

A

double helix shape
-made of subunits and nucleotides

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15
Q

what is the strand of a DNA molecule that codes for the making of proteins in a cell

A

the template strand

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16
Q

how many bases code for 1 amino acid and what is it called

A

-3
-triplet code

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17
Q

protein is made in the cytoplasm-in the ribosomes, DNA holds the genetic code for the protein in the nucleus but cannot leave the nucleus-how is this solved

A

genetic code is copies and transferred out the nucleus by RNA

18
Q

what base does RNA contain instead of thymine

A

uracil

19
Q

what sugar does RNA contain instead of deoxyribose

A

ribose

20
Q

is an RNA molecule bigger or smaller than DNA

A

smaller

21
Q

what are the three forms of RNA

A

-messenger mRNA
-transfer tRNA
-ribosomal rRNA

22
Q

where does transcription take place

A

nucleus

23
Q

where does RNA polymerase bind to

A

a region of non coding DNA in front of a gene

24
Q

what happens to the DNA when RNA polymerase moves along one of the strands of DNA

A

the DNA strands unzip

25
Q

what does mRNA use as a template so it can be made

A

the coding DNA in the gene

26
Q

base pairing between the DNA & RNA ensures what

A

MRNA is complementary to the gene

27
Q

what happens when the mRNA is made

A

the mRNA molecule moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome in the cytoplasm

28
Q

where does transcrpition take place

A

nucleus

29
Q

what process happens when the mRNA is bound to the ribosome

A

translation

30
Q

what does the transfer RNA bring to the ribosome

A

amino acids

31
Q

I terms of the tRNA structure, what is the anticodon

A

-complementary to the codon of the amino acid
-pairing of codon and anticodon makes sure amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the correct order

32
Q

what happens when the amino acids are joined together

A

a protein is made
-protein is a specific shape which determines the function

33
Q

what is a nucleotide made of

A

-nitrogenous base
-sugar molecule
-phosphate group

34
Q

what are the main points of natural selection

A

-variation of species
-due to random mutation
-survival
-reproduce
-pass on favourable allele

35
Q

who came up with theory of natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

36
Q

who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it

A

Alexander flemming- penicillin

37
Q

how does a bacterium become resistant to penicillin

A

random mutation

38
Q

how to bacteria reproduce passing on the allele (resistance)

A

asexually

39
Q

what is a mutagen

A

increases the likelihood of a mutation happening

40
Q

what is are two examples of a mutagen

A

-cigarettes
-ionising radiation

biology (7 decks)

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