Ingles Flashcards by Diana P Navarrete Villegas

Hyperthyroidism

Overproduction of thyroid hormones.
-Sobreproducción de hormonas tiroideas.

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Hyperthyroidism Most Common Causes:

Graves disease
Toxic multinodlar goiter (as a toxic nodular strauma)
Independent or solitary toxic adenoma
Thyroiditis or inflammation of the thyroid gland

-La enfermedad de Graves
Bocio multinodular tóxico (como estruma nodular tóxico)
Adenoma tóxico independiente o solitario
Tiroiditis o inflamación de la glándula tiroides.

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Hyperthyroidism Symptoms include

Nervousness
Irritability
Heat intolerance
Excessive sweating
Palpitations
Fatigue and weakness
Weight loss with increased appetite
Frequent bowel movements

Nerviosismo
Irritabilidad
Intolerancia al calor
Sudoración excesiva
palpitaciones
Fatiga y debilidad
Pérdida de peso con aumento del apetito.
Movimientos intestinales frecuentes

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Hypothyroidism

Underproduction of thyroid hormones
Subproducción de hormonas tiroideas.

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Hypothyroidism división

Deficient thyroid production can be due to the thyroid failure (primary hypothyroidism) or less commonly, pituitary or hypothalamic disease (Secondary hypothyroidism).

La producción deficiente de tiroides puede deberse a una insuficiencia tiroidea (hipotiroidismo primario) o, con menos frecuencia, a una enfermedad hipofisaria o hipotalámica (hipotiroidismo secundario).

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Subclinical Hypothyroidism

State of normal free thyroid hormone levels and mid elevation of thyroid- stimulating hormones

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Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Lethargy
Dry hair and skin
Cold intolerance
Hair loss
Difficulty concentrating
Poor memory
Constipation
Mild Weight gain with poor appetite
Dyspnea

Letargo
Cabello y piel secos
Intolerancia al frío
Perdida de cabello
Dificultad para concentrarse
Mala memoria
Constipación
Aumento de peso leve con falta de apetito.
disnea

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Hypothyroidism Cardinal Features of Examination Includes

Bradycardia
Mild diastolic hypertension
Prolongation of the relaxation phase of deep tendon reflexes
Cool peripheral extremities
Goiter

bradicardia
Hipertensión diastólica leve
Prolongación de la fase de relajación de los reflejos tendinosos profundos.
Extremidades periféricas frías
Coto

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Hypothyroidism Diagnosis

Decreased serum-free T4
Elevated serum tsh

Disminución de la T4 libre en suero
Tsh sérica elevada

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Sx de cushing

MOST COMMON CAUSES IS “IATROGENIC”, due to administration of glucocorticoids for the therapeutic reasons.

LA CAUSA MÁS COMÚN ES “IATROGÉNICA”, debido a la administración de glucocorticoides por motivos terapéuticos.

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Endogenous Cushing Syndrome—

Results from production of excess cortisol by adrenal cortex.

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Cushing Syndrome Common Manifestations:

Central obesity
Hypertension
Osteoporosis
Psychological Disturbances
Acne
Hirsutism
Amenorrhea
Diabetes Mellitus

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Cushing Syndrome Specific Manifestations

Easy Bruising
Purple striae
Proximal Myopathy
Moon Faces
Bufallo hump
Androgenization

Moretones con facilidad
Estrías moradas
Miopatía proximal
Facies lunares
joroba de búfalo
Androgenización

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Preguntas SX Cushing posibles

Posibles preguntas:
**¿Por qué el hirsutismo tiene que ver con el exceso de glucocorticoides?
Los glucocorticoides son precursores de andrógenos
**¿Por qué se da la amenorrea?
Se rompe el feedback para trabajar

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Hyperaldosteronism

Is caused by hypersecretion of the adrenal mineralocorticoid aldosterone.

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Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

extraadrenal stimulus for renin secretion is present, as in renal artery stenosis, decompensated cirrhosis, or diuretic therapy.

Hay estímulo extraadrenal para la secreción de renina, como en la estenosis de la arteria renal, la cirrosis descompensada o el tratamiento con diuréticos.

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

refers to an adrenal cause and can be due to either an adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.

se refiere a una causa suprarrenal y puede deberse a un adenoma suprarrenal o a una hiperplasia suprarrenal bilateral.

Hyperaldosteronism
Manifestations:

-Difficult control hypertension
-Hypokalemia
-Headaches

Addison’s Disease

Occurs when >90% of adrenal tissue is destroyed.

The Most Common Cause Addison’s Disease

Is autoimmune destruction.

Addison’s Disease Tuberculosis Used To Be The leading etiology.

Addison’s Disease Manifestations Include:

Fatigue
Weakness
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Hypotension * Hypoglycemia

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Oversecretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands.
Sporadic,solitary adenoma85%
Hyperplasia Fall fourglands 10-15%
Carcinoma<1%.

Most patients are asymptomatic.

Secreción excesiva de PTH por las glándulas paratiroides.
Adenoma esporádico y solitario85%
Hiperplasia Caída de las cuatro glándulas 10-15%
Carcinoma<1%.

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM typical Symptoms:

Fatigue
Nausea
Constipation

Due to injury to injury to parathyroid glandsortheir blood supply, autoimmune destruction, DiGeorge Syndrome.

Debido a lesiones por lesiones en las glándulas paratiroides o en su suministro de sangre, destrucción autoinmune, síndrome de DiGeorge.

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Classic Findings:

* Tetany * Hypocalcemia * Hyperphosphatemia

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Chvostek Sign→tapping of facial nerve = contraction of facial muscles. Trousseau Sign→occlusion of brachial artery = carpal spasm. Signo de Chvostek → golpeteo del nervio facial = contracción de los músculos faciales. Signo de ajuar → oclusión de la arteria braquial = espasmo carpiano.

Chvostek Sign→tapping of facial nerve = contraction of facial muscles. Trousseau Sign→occlusion of brachial artery = carpal spasm. Signo de Chvostek → golpeteo del nervio facial = contracción de los músculos faciales. Signo de ajuar → oclusión de la arteria braquial = espasmo carpiano.

Obesity

state of excess adipose tissue mass.

Obesity asociación

with an increased risk of multiple health problems, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, degenerative joint disease, malignancies. con un mayor riesgo de múltiples problemas de salud, incluyendo hipertensión, diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia, apnea obstructiva del sueño, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, enfermedad articular degenerativa y neoplasias malignas.

Obesity: Regional Fat distribution may influence Obesidad: la distribución regional de grasas puede influir

La distribución regional de grasas puede influir en los riesgos asociados con la obesidad.

Central Obesity

is independently associated with a higher risk for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hyperandrogenism in women, and cardiovascular disease. se asocia de forma independiente con un mayor riesgo de síndrome metabólico, diabetes mellitus, hiperandrogenismo en mujeres y enfermedad cardiovascular.

Obesity factor risks

Excess accumulation of body fat is the consequence of environmental and genetic factors. Social factors and economic conditions also represent important influences.

Increased Mortality From Obesity Is Primarily Due to:

Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension Gall Bladder Disease Diabetes Mellitus Several Types of Cancer

Obesity can result from:

Increased energy intake Decreased energy expenditure

Sleep apnea in severely obese individuals poses serious health risks. La apnea del sueño en personas con obesidad grave plantea graves riesgos para la salud.

Obesity is also associated with an increased incidence of steatohepatitis, gastroesophageal reflux, osteoarthritis, gout, back pain, skin infections and depression Hypogonadism in men and infertility in both sex are prevalent in obesity. La obesidad también se asocia con una mayor incidencia de esteatohepatitis, reflujo gastroesofágico, osteoartritis, gota, dolor de espalda, infecciones de la piel y depresión. El hipogonadismo en los hombres y la infertilidad en ambos sexos son prevalentes en la obesidad.