Infromation processing and memory

Question 1

What is information processing?

Answer 1

• methods by which informstion from the environment is collected and utilised
• process of taking into account the sporting environemtn and making decisions prior to executing skill

Question 2

What are the 3 stages to information processing?

Answer 2

1) Input
2) Decision making
3) Output

Question 3

Define the ‘input stage’ of information processing

Answer 3

information is picked up from the dispaly by your senses (know as your receptor systems)

Question 4

What are the 5 senses, and give sporting example with each

Answer 4

1) Sight = perfromer picks up display with vision
e.g position of opponent/flight of ball/angle of goal

2) Auditory senses = information collected by hearing
e.g call of teammate/sound of ball on a bat

3) Touch = touch used to aid performance
e.g grip of ball

4) Balance = aids in proper execution
e.g gymnast in a beam routine

5) Kinethesis = inner sense providing information about body position and msucular tension
e.g swimmer during a tumble turn

Question 5

What are the internal and external senses?

Answer 5

Internal = touch, balance & kinethesis
- proprioreceptors provide intrinsic informtion about the body

External = sight and hearing

Question 6

What is the ‘decision making’ stage of information processing?

Answer 6

= decision is based on all the information collected by the senses

in order to to make decisons, selective attention and th ememory system are vital

Question 7

What are the 3 areas of decision making?

Answer 7

1) selective attention
2) perception
3) translatory mechanisms

Question 8

Define selective attention

Answer 8

= filtering relevnat information from the irrelevant information

e.g must focus on position of ball/opponents/teammates, but disrgard the crowd

Question 9

How can you develop selective attention?

Answer 9

• experience of both the performers and coaches
• learning to focus/concerntrate
• getting used to a stimulus. Louder/brighter/more intense stimuli will dvelop concerntrtaion.
• Improving motivation with rewards/praise. Performer becomes more alart to important information if praised for correct decisions.
• Application of mental practice allows performer to run through the task in mind before the movemnt actually starts.

Question 10

What are the benefits of selective atention?

Answer 10

• improves reaction time
• improves chances of making the correct decisions
• able to concerntrate on the more detailed aspects of a task
• limits the amount of info noted at one time, which benefits the working memory as it has limited capacity. Too much info = affetcs memory function
• not disctarcted by irrelevant informstion in the envrionment

Question 11

What is ‘perception’?

Answer 11

= the process of coding and interpreting sensory information
DCR

Question 12

DCR?

Answer 12

Detection
= performer has picked up infromation and regocnised it as important
- uses the senses and information processing

Comparion
= trying to match the identified as improtant information to infroamtion already in the memory of the performer.

Recognition
= perofrmer has used the info from the memory to identify an appropiate response
- the repsonse is then put into action
-

Question 13

What makes infromation hard to detect?

Answer 13

• unclear info
• too much info at once
• disguised by opposition

Question 14

What are ‘translatory mechanisms’?

Answer 14

= adapting/convtering/comparing coded information so that decisions can be made
- uses past experiences

Question 15

How do translatory mechaisms work?

Answer 15

1) Informtion from senses is filtered
2) Info is adapted anf sent to the memory for comparison
3) past experiences are linked to the informaton sent to the memeory system
4) similar actions stored in the memory can be recognised and then used

= uses coded inforamtion from the perceptual prcoessto pick out an approtpirate motor programme

Question 16

Where are translatory mehcnaisms most effective

Answer 16

In ecperiecend performers
- already have infromation in the memory to aid this process.

Question 17

Define the ‘output’ stage of informaion processing

Answer 17

= last phase of information processing before the response begins

Question 18

What is the ‘effector mechanism’?

Answer 18

= the network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles

Question 19

Effector mechnaism and musuclar output?

Answer 19

• Muslces will recieve imformation, in the form of coded impulses (sent by the effector mechanism)
• When the impulse is recieved, muslces begin to contract and the reposne begins

Question 20

‘Feedabck’ phase of output?

Answer 20

feedback = information used during/after the response to aid movemnt correction

Question 21

What is the order of information processing & explain what happens in each step.

Answer 21

1) The environment – contains the display
2) Display – all the sensory inforamtion availible to the player
3) Receptor systems – the 5 senses collect information from the display
4) Perceptual mechanisms – selective attention (filter the information picked up by senses). DCR
5) Transaltory mechanisms – info is compared to information already stored in the memory
6) Effector mechanisms – coded nerve impulses sent to the muscles, via the CNS
7) Muscles – recieve impulse, and begin contraction
8) Output – response begins
9) Feedback – feedback given during/after the reponse. Intrinsic & extrinsic

Question 22

What is the order of information processing?

Answer 22

1) Environment
2) Display
3) Receptor systems/sensory organs
4) Perceptual mechanisms
5) Translatory mechanisms
6) Effector mechanisms
7) Muscles
8) Output
9) Feedback

Question 23

Order of information processing, memory tool

Answer 23

Every day, rozzy plays, Tom eats, mum orders food.