Information processing and skill aquisition Flashcards
Motor behaviour
Motor behaviour describes any motor action that is used to achieve a task or
goal.
Motor control
Perception and action
How we take in information and create movement)
Motor learning
How we learn and retain movement skills
Motor development
How we refine skills to become elite at performing them
Neuroplasticity
Brains ability to change its structure and function
Human performance model
Input
Executive
Effector
Output
What are the names of the psychologists that created the human performance model
Schmidt and Weisberg
What are the 3 levels of the executive part of the model
- Stimulus identification (senses)
- Response Selection
- Response Programming
What are the 3 levels of the effector
- Motor programme
- Spinal cord
- Muscle
Perception (stimulus identification) part of the model
Individual uses all their senses to search and absorb and interpret the environmental stimuli
What impacts the speed of a stimulus (5)
- Familiarity
- Experience
- Number of stimuli
- Practice
- Signal intensity
Response selection (decision making) part of the model
- The selection of one option from a set of 2 or more options
- Then the individual selects an appropriate response from several options
Memory and information processing
Perception and decision making is dependent on the comparison of the present situation, held in the STM, with similar past experiences stored in the LTM
Response programming (Action)
The brain retrieves and organises a plan of action (motor program or schema) to control and direct the response
Motor program
A set of motor commands that is pre-structured at the executive level and that defines the essential details of a skilled action
The effector
Responsible for carrying out the instructions within from the schema and runs the motor program
What are the key pathways in the effector mechanisms
- CNS
- PNS
- Neuromuscular junction
- Muscle fibrilis
Skill aquisition
Is the science that underpins movement learning and execution and is more commonly termed motor learning and control
Learning
A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skill
What are the 2 types of learning
- Implicit learning
- Explicit learning
Explicit learning
Learner consciously set out to learn the skill
Implicit learning
- Subconscious learning
- Being exposed to a skill while not consciously paying attention to it
What are the 2 types of knowledge?
- Declarative knowledge
- Procedural knowledge
Declarative knowledge
Knowing what to do
Procedural knowledge
Is being able to do the skill which is developed through practice
What are Fitts and posners 3 stages of learning
- Cognitive
- Fixation
- Autonomous
Cognitive learning
What actions need to be taken to achieve the goal
Fixation learning
Subtle changes and adjustments to new motor pattern to allow a more effective performance of the skill
Autonomous learning
Task can be performed with less interference from other ongoing activities
How do we measure learning
Performance curves
What are the 8 types of practice
- Massed
- Distributed
- Whole
- Part
- Whole-part-whole
- Blocked
- Serial
- Random
Massed practice
Where the time between trails is shorter than the time taken to undertake the task
What are the limitations of massed practice
Danger of boredom and fatigue affecting performance
Distributed practice
Where the break or rest time between trails is greater than the time taken to undertake the task
What are the limitations of distributed practice
Danger of being seen as a waste of time or lacking intensity
Whole practice
Develops technique and decision making as you practice the skill as a whole
What are the limitations of whole practice
Overload of information which may impact performance
Part practice
Develops technique without undue stress and overload as you breakdown the skill into parts and move on when that section is learned
What are the limitations of part practice
Performers fail to understand when and where to use the skills with in the wider context of the sport
Whole-part-whole practice
Whole and part practice combined
Blocked practice
Learner practices one skill continuously with no interference from the performance of other skills
What are the benefits of blocked practice
Higher short term performance gains
Serial practice
Learner practices a series of skills in order for a set number of trials
What are the benefits of serial practice
Higher long term performance gains, transfer and retention
Random practice
Athlete will perform two or more skills having random trials on each skill
What are the benefits of random practice
Cognitively demanding and helps decision making
Specificity of practice
- Deliberate practice
- Make it real and specific to the demands of the task and the context within which the task will be performed
