Decision making and memory Flashcards
Response selection (Decision)
Where decisions are made by selecting an appropriate response from several options
Response programming (Action)
Once a decision has been made it organises the motor system to produce the desired response for the effectors
The comparator
Acts as a quality assurance check of the movement that has been chosen
What are the 3 parts of the multi model memory store by Atkinson and Shiffrin
- Short term sensory store
- Short term memory
- Long term memory
Short Term Sensory Store
Initial process of storing information from all 5 of our senses
STSS duration
< 1 second
STSS capacity
Large capacity
Short Term Memory
Allows for the retrieval, rehearsal and transferring information
STM duration
1 - 60 seconds
STM capacity
Limited and fragile storage
Long Term Memory
Holds information and experiences
LTM duration
Infinite
LTM capacity
Large capacity
What are the 3 parts of the working memory
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
Central executive
Responsible for strategy selection and coordinating the other two components of the working memory
Phonological loop
Responsible for manipulating and maintaining speech-based information within the working memory
Visuospatial sketchpad
Responsible for the generation, manipulation, and retention of visual images
What are the 2 types of LTM
- Declarative memory
- Procedural memory
Declarative memory
The facts memory
Procedural memory
Is memory storage of skills and procedures. This is ‘know how’ memory – developed over years of rehearsing the skill
Decision making
The process of making a choice from a set of options, with the consequences of that choice being crucial
What are the 2 types of decision making
- CDM
- NDM
Classical decision-making theory (CDM)
Clearly identify the problem – generate a range of alternative solutions – evaluate one against the other – select the preferred option
Naturalistic decision-making (NDM)
Experts use memory, pattern recognition, environmental cues, intuition, and analysis to make fake accurate decisions
Expertise in decision making
Early research suggests that elite athletes just had better organisation, interpretation, and utilisation of sensory information
Attention bias
Implicit cognitive bias defined as the tendency of emotionally dominant stimuli in one’s environment to preferably draw and hold attention
Choice supportive bias
Remembering our previous choices, better than they were
Confirmation bias
Only seeing stimuli that we have a preconceived idea about
Expectation bias
Towards things that we think will happen, or ignoring things that we think will not happen
Gambler’s fallacy
The idea that future events are determined by previous experiences
Hindsight bias
Tendency to see past events as being predictable
What impacts information processing
- Arousal
- Anxiety
- Time constraints
- Anticipation
- Reaction times
How does arousal affect performance
High or low arousal can negatively affect arousal
How does anxiety effect performance
Anxiety can lead to more erratic eye movements and increased checking of the peripheral vision (Shifts away from the central gaze)
Perceptual narrowing
When arousal increases our perceptual abilities narrow
Cue utilisation hypothesis
A theory that predicts that, as an athlete’s arousal increases, his or her attention focus narrows and the narrowing process tends to gate out irrelevant environmental cues first and then, if arousal is high enough, the relevant ones.
Time constraints
Different sports, due to their time restraints, may rely more heavily on different stages of the information processing model
How do we improve the stimulus response pathway
Deliberate practice
Anticipation
The process in which performers use advance cues and information to co-ordinate the correct subsequent behaviour
What are the 3 types of anticipation
- Temporal anticipation
- Spatial anticipation
- Event anticipation
Temporal anticipation
Refers to timing of an action or when something will occur
Spatial anticipation
Refers to where an individual thinks the action will occur
Event anticipation
Is the determination of what will happen
How do athletes use anticipation (2)
- Pattern recognition
- Cue utilisation
2 ways to train anticipation
- Pattern recognition training
- Perceptual cognitive training
Costs of anticipation (4)
- The anticipated action isn’t what happens
- Loss of points/shots/score/injury
- Inhibit unprepared the original action - time taken to correct the action
- End up further away from the stimulus and being at a biomechanical disadvantage
