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Psychology > Decision making and memory > Flashcards

Decision making and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Response selection (Decision)

A

Where decisions are made by selecting an appropriate response from several options

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2
Q

Response programming (Action)

A

Once a decision has been made it organises the motor system to produce the desired response for the effectors

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3
Q

The comparator

A

Acts as a quality assurance check of the movement that has been chosen

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the multi model memory store by Atkinson and Shiffrin

A
  1. Short term sensory store
  2. Short term memory
  3. Long term memory
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5
Q

Short Term Sensory Store

A

Initial process of storing information from all 5 of our senses

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6
Q

STSS duration

A

< 1 second

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7
Q

STSS capacity

A

Large capacity

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8
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Allows for the retrieval, rehearsal and transferring information

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9
Q

STM duration

A

1 - 60 seconds

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10
Q

STM capacity

A

Limited and fragile storage

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11
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Holds information and experiences

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12
Q

LTM duration

A

Infinite

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13
Q

LTM capacity

A

Large capacity

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the working memory

A
  1. Central executive
  2. Phonological loop
  3. Visuospatial sketchpad
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15
Q

Central executive

A

Responsible for strategy selection and coordinating the other two components of the working memory

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16
Q

Phonological loop

A

Responsible for manipulating and maintaining speech-based information within the working memory

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17
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Responsible for the generation, manipulation, and retention of visual images

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of LTM

A
  1. Declarative memory
  2. Procedural memory
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19
Q

Declarative memory

A

The facts memory

20
Q

Procedural memory

A

Is memory storage of skills and procedures. This is ‘know how’ memory – developed over years of rehearsing the skill

21
Q

Decision making

A

The process of making a choice from a set of options, with the consequences of that choice being crucial

22
Q

What are the 2 types of decision making

A
  1. CDM
  2. NDM
23
Q

Classical decision-making theory (CDM)

A

Clearly identify the problem – generate a range of alternative solutions – evaluate one against the other – select the preferred option

24
Q

Naturalistic decision-making (NDM)

A

Experts use memory, pattern recognition, environmental cues, intuition, and analysis to make fake accurate decisions

25
Q

Expertise in decision making

A

Early research suggests that elite athletes just had better organisation, interpretation, and utilisation of sensory information

26
Q

Attention bias

A

Implicit cognitive bias defined as the tendency of emotionally dominant stimuli in one’s environment to preferably draw and hold attention

27
Q

Choice supportive bias

A

Remembering our previous choices, better than they were

28
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Only seeing stimuli that we have a preconceived idea about

29
Q

Expectation bias

A

Towards things that we think will happen, or ignoring things that we think will not happen

30
Q

Gambler’s fallacy

A

The idea that future events are determined by previous experiences

31
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to see past events as being predictable

32
Q

What impacts information processing

A
  • Arousal
  • Anxiety
  • Time constraints
  • Anticipation
  • Reaction times
33
Q

How does arousal affect performance

A

High or low arousal can negatively affect arousal

34
Q

How does anxiety effect performance

A

Anxiety can lead to more erratic eye movements and increased checking of the peripheral vision (Shifts away from the central gaze)

35
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

When arousal increases our perceptual abilities narrow

36
Q

Cue utilisation hypothesis

A

A theory that predicts that, as an athlete’s arousal increases, his or her attention focus narrows and the narrowing process tends to gate out irrelevant environmental cues first and then, if arousal is high enough, the relevant ones.

37
Q

Time constraints

A

Different sports, due to their time restraints, may rely more heavily on different stages of the information processing model

38
Q

How do we improve the stimulus response pathway

A

Deliberate practice

39
Q

Anticipation

A

The process in which performers use advance cues and information to co-ordinate the correct subsequent behaviour

40
Q

What are the 3 types of anticipation

A
  1. Temporal anticipation
  2. Spatial anticipation
  3. Event anticipation
41
Q

Temporal anticipation

A

Refers to timing of an action or when something will occur

42
Q

Spatial anticipation

A

Refers to where an individual thinks the action will occur

43
Q

Event anticipation

A

Is the determination of what will happen

44
Q

How do athletes use anticipation (2)

A
  1. Pattern recognition
  2. Cue utilisation
45
Q

2 ways to train anticipation

A
  1. Pattern recognition training
  2. Perceptual cognitive training
46
Q

Costs of anticipation (4)

A
  1. The anticipated action isn’t what happens
  2. Loss of points/shots/score/injury
  3. Inhibit unprepared the original action - time taken to correct the action
  4. End up further away from the stimulus and being at a biomechanical disadvantage

Psychology (4 decks)

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