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Psychology > Attention and Concentration > Flashcards

Attention and Concentration Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

A broad term used to describe our focus

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2
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of attention

A
  1. Divided attention
  2. Concentration/selective attention
  3. Selective perception
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3
Q

Concentration

A

A person’s deliberate decision to invest mental effort on what is most important in any given situation

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4
Q

Theories of attention (6)

A
  1. Central resource capacity
  2. Multiple resource capacity
  3. Divided attention
  4. Selective attention
  5. Spotlight metaphor
  6. 4 types of attention
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5
Q

What are the 2 limited attentional capacity theories

A
  1. Central resource capacity theory (Kahneman)
  2. Multiple resource theories (Wickens)
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6
Q

Central resource capacity theory

A

Activities can be carried out at the same time, provided that their total effort does not exceed the available capacity

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7
Q

What are 3 assumptions of the central resource capacity theory

A
  1. We have a single resource pool from which all attention activities must be funded
  2. Several activities can be carried out at the same time, provided that their total effort does not exceed the available capacity
  3. As we master skills, they require less attention
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8
Q

Multiple resource theory

A

Argued that people possess multiple resource pool

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9
Q

What are the 3 pools of resources that are used for different tasks

A
  1. Memory (LTM + STM)
  2. Response output (E.g. speech and movement)
  3. Sensory input (E.g. Hearing and Vision)
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10
Q

Divided attention theory

A

Divided attention theory suggests that tasks can be performed well together if they are dissimilar, highly practiced and simple

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11
Q

Broadbents Filter theory (Early selection)

A

Broadbent, posits that stimuli are filtered, or selected to be attended to, at an early stage during processing.

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12
Q

Late selection theory (Deutsch & Deutsch)

A

All stimuli are fully analysed, and selection only takes place for the purpose of the response

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13
Q

Selective attention

A

Selective attention resembles a mental beam that illuminates a part of the visual field and information lying outside the illuminated region is ignored

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14
Q

What is selective attention also known as

A

Spotlight theory

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of attentional focus according to Nideffer

A
  1. Internal
  2. External
  3. Broad
  4. Narrow
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16
Q

Internal attentional focus

A

Mental rehearse plans and emotional state

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17
Q

External attentional focus

A

Focus on external cues

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18
Q

Broad attentional focus

A

Used to rapidly assess a situation

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19
Q

Narrow attentional focus

A

Used to focus exclusively on one or two cues

20
Q

What are the 2 types of distractions

A
  1. Internal
  2. External
21
Q

Internal distractions

A
  • Living in the past
  • Living in the future
  • Concentration on technique
  • Self-talk
  • Fatigue
22
Q

External distractions

A
  • Visual distracters
  • Attending to the wrong crowds
  • Auditory distracters
  • Gamesmanship
  • Breaks in play
23
Q

Techniques to enhance concentration

A
  • Practice
  • Cue words/Self-talk
  • Pre-performance routines
  • Stimulation training
  • Thought stopping
24
Q

Visual field

A

Area that the eye can see

25
Q

Foveal vision accounts for what degrees of visual field?

A

5%

26
Q

Optic nerve

A

The information provided by the eyes to the CNS is meaningless without the visual cortex

27
Q

Visual cortex

A

The role is to interpret information derived from the eyes

28
Q

What are the 3 types of eye movements

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Saccade
  3. Smooth pursuit
29
Q

Fixation

A

200 - 300 ms duration

30
Q

Saccade

A

30 - 80 ms duration

31
Q

Smooth pursuit

A
32
Q

Muscles of the eye

A
  • 6 extraocular muscles that move the eyes gaze
  • Training can improve speed, co-ordination, and endurance of these extraocular muscles
33
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

This controls focus between near and far

34
Q

The sphincter and dilator muscles

A

Muscles in the iris open and close the pupil to allow light into the eye. These are involuntary muscles and therefore cannot be trained

35
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Your brain uses peripheral vision to help track your own movement and the movement of items around you

36
Q

2 types of visual search

A
  1. Pursuit tracking
  2. Fixation and saccadic eye movement
37
Q

Pursuit tracking

A

Following an object through space

38
Q

Fixation and saccadic eye movement

A

Quick jump of the eyes from one-point to another

39
Q

Why do elite athletes have better visual search

A
  • Have more consistent and trained visual search strategies
  • Spend less time fixating on the unimportant cues
40
Q

Quiet Eye

A

The quiet eye is defined as the final fixation or tracking gaze at a task-relevant location prior to the initiation of the final phase of movement

41
Q

What are the 2 types of visual acuity

A
  1. SVA
  2. DVA
42
Q

Static visual acuity

A

The ability to pick out detail in a stationary object

43
Q

Dynamic visual acuity

A

The measure of visual acuity, factoring in time and motion

44
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The probability of detecting any given stimulus or signal depends on the intensity of the signal compared with the intensity of the background noise

45
Q

What does signal detection depend on

A
  • Target intensity
  • Background intensity
  • Sensory acuity
  • Familiarity with the signal
  • Arousal
46
Q

Visual training

A

A collection of techniques employed for the purpose of developing visual functions of athletes

47
Q

Sport vision training examples (8)

A
  1. Increasing peripheral vision
  2. Improving contrast sensitivity
  3. Improve dynamic acuity
  4. Depth perception training
  5. Visual reaction time training
  6. Smooth pursuit and visual tracking training
  7. Visuo-motor integration
  8. Utilising eye dominance information

Psychology (4 decks)

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