Information Literacy

Question 1

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.

Answer 1

Evidence-informed practice

Question 2

One means of retrieving high-quality evidence is to use ___ websites such as Public Health Agency of Canada (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/index-eng.php), and the Canadian Nurses Association’s Nurse One Portal (http://www.nurseone.ca/).

Answer 2

trustworthy

Question 3

Using the search portals on these websites helps ensure the ___ of retrieved evidence.

Answer 3

quality

Question 4

___ can be used to access evidence sources in certain subject areas. An example ___ is the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), which contains over three million records organized by Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).

Answer 4

Databases / database

Question 5

It is the ___ responsibility to establish the validity, authorship, timeliness, and integrity of what they find.

Answer 5

reader’s

Question 6

In general, on the World Wide Web there are no editors, unlike most print publications to ___ and ensure that it meets the standards of a publishing house’s reputation.

Answer 6

proofread

Question 7

Most pages found in general search engines for the web are self-published or published by businesses small and large with motives to get you to ___ something or believe a point of view.

Answer 7

buy

Question 8

As a nurse, if you want to use the internet for serious research, you need to cultivate the habit of healthy ___, of questioning everything you find with critical thinking. Assessing and determining the usefulness of web pages is a necessary skill for all Practical nurses.

Answer 8

skepticism

Question 9

Developed certification and accreditation standards and symbols that identify trusted health websites.

Answer 9

The Health on the Net (HON) foundation

Question 10

Who is the author? What is their point of view?

Answer 10

Authority

Question 11

Why was the source created? Who is the intended audience?

Answer 11

Purpose

Question 12

Where was it published? In what medium?

Answer 12

Publication & format

Question 13

How is it relevant to your research? What is its scope?

Answer 13

Relevance

Question 14

When was it written? Has it been updated?

Answer 14

Date of publication

Question 15

Did they cite their sources? Who did they cite?

Answer 15

Documentation

Question 16

Who is the author?

What else has the author written?

In which communities and contexts does the author have expertise?

Does the author represent a particular set of world views?

Do they represent specific gender, sexual, racial, political, social and/or cultural orientations?

Do they privilege some sources of authority over others?

Do they have a formal role in a particular institution (e.g. a professor at Oxford)?

Answer 16

Authority

Question 17

Why was this source created?

Does it have an economic value for the author or publisher?

Is it an educational resource? Persuasive?

What (research) questions does it attempt to answer?

Does it strive to be objective?

Does it fill any other personal, professional, or societal needs?

Who is the intended audience?

Is it for scholars?

Is it for a general audience?

Answer 17

Purpose

Question 18

HON says that consumers should look for domain names such as .edu (___), .gov (___) and .org (___).

Answer 18

university sites / government sites / health care organizations

Question 19

They should also check the date and source of information to ensure that they are getting ___, ___ information.

Answer 19

current / reliable

Question 20

Authoritative, Complementarity, Privacy, Attribution, Justifiability, Transparency, Financial Disclosure and Advertising Policy.

Answer 20

Code of conduct to standardize the reliability of health information developed by the Health on the Net (HON) Foundation. The HON code defines a set of eight (8) principles to maintain basic ethical standards.

Question 21

Where was it published?

Was it published in a scholarly publication, such as an academic journal?

Who was the publisher? Was it a university press?

Was it formally peer-reviewed?​

Does the publication have a particular editorial position?

Is it generally thought to be a conservative or progressive outlet?

Is the publication sponsored by any other companies or organizations? Do the sponsors have particular biases?

Were there any apparent barriers to publication?

Was it self-published?

Were there outside editors or reviewers?

Where, geographically, was it originally published, and in what language?

In what medium?

Was it published online or in print? Both?

Is it a blog post? A YouTube video? A TV episode? An article from a print magazine?

What does the medium tell you about the intended audience?

What does the medium tell you about the purpose of the piece?

Answer 21

Publication & format

Question 22

How is it relevant to your research?

Does it analyze the primary sources that you’re researching?

Does it cover the authors or individuals that you’re researching, but different primary texts?

Can you apply the authors’ frameworks of analysis to your own research?

What is the scope of coverage?

Is it a general overview or an in-depth analysis?

Does the scope match your own information needs?

Is the time period and geographic region relevant to your research?

Answer 22

Relevance

Question 23

When was the source first published?

What version or edition of the source are you consulting?

Are there differences in editions, such as new introductions or footnotes?

If the publication is online, when was it last updated?

What has changed in your field of study since the publication date?

Are there any published reviews, responses or rebuttals?

Answer 23

Date of publication

Question 24

Did they cite their sources?

If not, do you have any other means to verify the reliability of their claims?

Who do they cite?

Is the author affiliated with any of the authors they’re citing?

Are the cited authors part of a particular academic movement or school of thought?

Look closely at the quotations and paraphrases from other sources:

Did they appropriately represent the context of their cited sources?

Did they ignore any important elements from their cited sources?

Are they cherry-picking facts to support their own arguments?

Did they appropriately cite ideas that were not their own?

Answer 24

Documentation

Question 25

A free encyclopedia that allows anyone to contribute and/or edit content.

Answer 25

Wikipedia

Question 26

This website’s high openness has also led to some concerns, such as the quality of its writing, vandalism and the accuracy of its information.

Answer 26

Wikipedia

Question 27

This website NOT considered a professional, evidence-informed research-based resource, and is not an acceptable resource for patient health education, researching or constructing nursing assignments or scholarly documents. Students can expect to have marks deducted for using this website as a resource for their College assignments.

Answer 27

Wikipedia

Question 28

Relates to actions in academic work which are fair and honest.

Answer 28

Academic integrity

Question 29

The “wrongful use” and “stealing and publication” of another author’s “language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions” and the presentation of them as your own original work.

Answer 29

Plagiarism

Question 30

Students may be asked to submit their work to ___, in order to verify originality and protect against plagiarism.

Answer 30

Turnitin

Question 31

An internet-based plagiarism-prevention service created by iParadigm.

Answer 31

Turnitin

Question 32

Downloading a song from the Internet without paying for it.

Sharing a CD with a friend that contains a computer game or other software that you paid for.

Coping a section of online content from a reference site and using that content as if it were your own.

Copying and pasting information about a drug or disease from a website and then printing it to give to a client/customer.

Copying a picture from the Internet without asking permission of the photographer.

Answer 32

Copyright laws / violation

Question 33

According to McGonigle & Mastrian (2012) the value of creative material (songs, photos, online content) is not in the physical medium on which it is stored. The value is in the intangible areas of creativity, skills and labour that went into creating that item. The person who created the material should be properly ___ and possibly ___ for the use of the material.

Answer 33

credited / reimbursed

Question 34

Occurs when a student knowingly or unknowingly submits work that has been plagiarized.

Answer 34

Academic offense

Question 35

Using another person’s work (ideas, words, pictures and illustrations, including online sources) as your own without giving credit.

Answer 35

Plagiarism

Question 36

Buying a paper.

Turning in someone else’s work and pretending it is your work.

Copying words or ideas from someone else, including online sources without giving credit.

Not putting quotation marks around exact words from a source.

Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation.

Answer 36

Forms of plagiarism

Question 37

By keeping an accurate list of all the resources (including online resources) that you use and by citing them properly you can avoid plagiarism and copyright ___.

Answer 37

infringements

Question 38

Details about the editorial team and the application team should clearly be stated.

The names and qualifications of the team members responsible for the development of the site should also be indicated.

If the site contains medical content, the names and qualifications of the authors should be provided. If the author is not a health professional, this must be clearly stated.

Answer 38

Principle 1 - Authority

Details of the editorial team and the site team are clearly stated.

Question 39

The information provided on the site should be intended to encourage, and not replace, direct relationships between the patient and health professionals.
This must be indicated by a clear and visible statement such as: “The information provided on this site is intended to improve, not replace, the direct relationship between the patient (or site visitor) and healthcare professionals.”

The mission of the site should clearly be stated and respected.

The site’s audience should be indicated (health professionals or non-professionals) and the site’s content should be relevant to that audience.
If the site is prohibited for use by minors, this must be clearly indicated and the site must be designed in such a way that its use by minors is impossible.

Answer 39

Principle 2 - Complementarity

Clear mention of the site boundaries does not replace the relationship between physician and patient.

Question 40

The site must comply with the new General Data Protection Regulation.

The privacy policy must be site-specific and easily accessible.

The treatment of confidential data of the site user must be detailed. In particular, the following points should be mentioned in the privacy policy

Whether consent to data collection is requested at the first launch of the site

Where user data is stored,

If the data collected is transmitted to third parties, and if so, to which third parties,

Whether or not the site uses cookies and for what purpose,

Whether or not the website uses Google Analytics and for what purpose.

Answer 40

Principle 3 - Confidentiality

Declaration explaining all legal requirements concerning the confidentiality of personal data.

Question 41

The site should have a date of last general update (on the home page for example).

The legal contents (Legal information; CGU; Confidentiality) have a date of last update.

In the scientific and medical fields, the evolution of knowledge is very rapid, so it is necessary to indicate the date of creation of the content as well as its last update date.
Thus, if the site has medical content, it should have a date of last update. The user must be able to easily know when the health information he/she is consulting was created.

Each medical content presenting digital and/or statistical data must be accompanied by references.
These can be indicated as follows, and whenever necessary:
Author1, Author2, Author3, Title, Name of journal/article/book/conference, Reference year, page number.

If the site is prohibited for use by minors, this must be clearly indicated and the site must be designed in such a way that its use by minors is impossible.

Answer 41

Principle 4 - Attribution

The site, its legal and medical pages have a date of last update. The sources of health content are given.

Question 42

If the site has medical content, the information should be presented in an objective and balanced manner.

If the site presents treatments, drugs and/or surgeries, all information concerning contraindications, adverse reactions, interactions, precautions for use should be presented.

If the recommendation of a single brand is given, the professional must explain that it is his regular practice to prescribe that particular drug brand and must mention that there are other products.

All brand names must be identified, for example with ®.

If the site has before/after photographs, a statement on this subject should be present, for example:

“The photos illustrating ours before/after clinical cases show consenting persons and the same patients appear, respectively, for the before/after result. These photos have not been retouched. We expressly draw your attention to the fact that the observed result is specific to the person concerned and that an identical result cannot be expected for another person, because of the individuality of each person.”

Answer 42

Principle 5 - Justifiability

Health information is complete and provided in an objective, balanced and transparent manner.

Question 43

A means of contact (e-mail address, contact form) should easily be available within the site.

If the site is complex, instructions for use might be useful and available on the site.

The site is maintained regularly and potential bugs identified should be quickly fixed.

If the site is prohibited for use by minors, this must be clearly indicated and the site must be designed in such a way that its use by minors is impossible.

Answer 43

Principle 6 - Transparency

The site is easy to use, its mission is clear, and the team is easily accessible.

Question 44

The sources of funding for the site should be indicated and detailed.

A declaration of links of interest must be available if health professionals have been involved in creating the content of the site.

Thus, it must be mentioned whether the authors of the content, health professionals, have links of interest with health products and cosmetics companies.

Answer 44

Principle 7 - Financial Disclosure

All sources of funding are identified and transparent.

Question 45

If the site carries advertising:

This must be identified as such, with the term “Advertising” for example.
This is clearly differentiated from the information content of the site,
An advertising policy should be available within the site,
Advertisements on topics such as weapons, pornography, religion, dating are prohibited.
Find in pictures how to clearly identify the advertising on your site here (framework and word advertisement).

If the site does not advertise, a statement to that effect states so, for example, “Our site does not accept any form of advertising.”

Answer 45

Principle 8 - Advertisement Policy

All advertisements should be identified and differentiated from content.

Question 46

Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose.

Answer 46

CRAAP