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FM1010 Biochemistry > Information flow in cells > Flashcards

Information flow in cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of translation.

A

Process in which the nucleotide sequence of a mRNA is used to order and join amino acids into a polypeptide chain

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2
Q

What is the start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG - Methionine

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3
Q

What are the three termination codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of genetic code?

A

Specific
Universal
Redundant/degenerate
Non-overlapping

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5
Q

What is a reading frame?

A

Sequence of codons that runs from a start codon to a stop codon

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6
Q

What determines the reading frame for a mRNA?

A

The AUG start codon encoding methionine

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7
Q

How many tRNAs are in humans?

A

50

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8
Q

How are amino acids attached to their cognate tRNAs?

A

Specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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9
Q

What bond links the amino acids to the tRNAs?

A

High-energy ester bond

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10
Q

Where are amino acids linked to tRNA?

A

Linked to the 3’ end of tRNA via the free 2’ or 3’ -OH of adenylate and involving ATP hydrolysis

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11
Q

How can we describe the binding of the tRNA anticodon to the mRNA?

A

Complementary and antiparallel

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12
Q

What is the catalyst for the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids?

A

RNA

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13
Q

What are the three steps in translation?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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14
Q

What is the initiation site of translation for prokaryotes?

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

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15
Q

What is the initiation site of translation for eukaryotes?

A

Kozak box - (GCC)RCCAUGG
R - purine

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16
Q

What are the steps in initiation of translation?

A

Small ribosomal subunit binds underneath
Met-tRNA binds to start codon
Large ribosomal subunit binds above completing the initiation complex

17
Q

How does elongation occur in translation?

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA enter
Met-tRNA and next tRNA adjacent to each other and peptidyl transferase forms a peptide bond between them
Ribosome translocates, ejecting uncharged tRNA
Process repeats

18
Q

How does termination occur in translation?

A

Release factor binds to codon
Hydrolysis of the ester linkage
Disassembly of ribosome

19
Q

What is the polysome?

A

mRNA and many ribosomes

20
Q

How does the cell translate protein rapidly and maximise the life of the mRNA?

A

Rapid recycling of ribosomes
Load more than 1 ribosome onto an mRNA

21
Q

How does streptomycin and other aminoglycosides work?

A

Inhibit initiation and cause misreading of mRNA in prokaryotes

FM1010 Biochemistry (21 decks)

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