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FM1010 Biochemistry > Carbohydrates and Glycobiology > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source for animals
Energy storage
Structural support
Intermediates in biosynthesis of basic biochemical entities
Cell-cell recognition and modulation of immune system

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2
Q

What two chemical families may monosaccharides belong to?

A

Aldehydes or ketones

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3
Q

How many stereoisomers would a monosaccharide with n chiral centres have?

A

2^n

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4
Q

Are most naturally occurring sugars D or L isomers?

A

D isomers

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5
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide in our cells?

A

D-Glucose

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6
Q

What happens to monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons in aqueous solutions?

A

Form a cyclic structure

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7
Q

What are pyranoses?

A

6 membered ring compounds

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8
Q

What are the two stereoisomers of glucose?

A

Alpha and beta

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9
Q

What is the approximate glucose concentration of blood?

A

5mM

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10
Q

What form of diabetes is treated by injections of purified insulin?

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

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11
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond

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12
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Covalent bond between a hydroxyl group of one sugar and the anomeric carbon of another

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13
Q

What are all sugar-sugar glycosidic bonds?

A

O-type linkages
Linked via OH groups

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14
Q

How do polysaccharides differ from each other?

A

Identity of monosaccharide subunits
Length of chains
Types of bonds linking units
Degree of branching

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15
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

Same monosaccharide used

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16
Q

What is a heteropolysaccharide?

A

Two or multiple monosaccharides used

17
Q

What do starch and glycogen have in common?

A

Homopolymers of alpha-D-glucose
Both have glycosidic bonds with linked branches
Both are digested by alpha-amylase which breaks the glycosidic bonds

18
Q

What’s the difference between starch and glycogen?

A

Amylopectin (branched starch) has branch points occurring every 24-39 glucose residues
Glycogen has branch points occurring every 8-12 glucose residues making it more compact

19
Q

What is the role of dietary fibre?

A

Help move food through the digestive system, absorbing water and easing defecation

20
Q

What are glycoconjugates?

A

Oligo- and poly- saccharides that can be covalently attached to proteins and lipids

21
Q

What is the name of the process of joining a glycoconjugate to another biomolecule?

A

Glycosylation

22
Q

What are the roles of glycoconjugates?

A

Cell-cell recognition
Forming interactions between cells and extracellular matrix
Cell migration during development
Blood clotting
Immune response
Wound healing

23
Q

How may sugars be linked to proteins?

A

Hydroxyl groups of S and T
O-linked glycosylation
Amino groups of R and N
N-glycosylation

24
Q

What is added to the O antigen for those with Type A blood?

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

25
Q

What is added to the O antigen for those with Type B blood?

A

Galactose

26
Q

What is added to the O antigen for those with Type O blood?

A

N/A

27
Q

What do lectin proteins do?

A

Recognise and bind with very high affinity to specific oligosaccharides

28
Q

What does the mannose 6-phosphate receptor/lectin do?

A

Binds to the oligosaccharide of lysosomal enzymes targeting them for transfer to lysosomes

29
Q

What bacteria is associated with up to 80% of human gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

30
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

31
Q

Why is peptidoglycan present in bacterial cell walls?

A

Provides strength and rigidity to bacterium

32
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

Lyses the glycosidic bonds of bacteria

33
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

Prevents the synthesis of cross-links, stopping bacterial growth leading to death

FM1010 Biochemistry (21 decks)

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