Inflammatory response/repair

Question 1

4 signs of inflammation

Answer 1

1. Swelling
2. redness
3. heat
4. pain

Question 2

What is the first things cells release when injured (+ ex)

Answer 2

• Injured cell releases Alarmins (DAMPs)

- -histone pros, uric acid, heat shock pros, s100, HMGGB1)

Question 3

What do the Alarmins bind to (+ ex)

Answer 3

Bind to non specific receptors found on surfaces of surounding cells (TLRs, RAGE, TREM1)

Question 4

When alarmins bind to receptors what do they release

Answer 4

release proinflammatory mediators

• Cytokines (IL1, TNFa)
• Lipid chem mediators
• Vasoactive amines

Question 5

What do pro inflammatory mediators cause

Answer 5

• muscle relazation (vasodialation)
• increased blood delivery
• Flushing action
• increased vessel leakiness (opens tight junctions allowing swelling)
• activate selection adhesions

Question 6

Steps of Extravasion of Leukocytes (what causes rolling adhesion and tight binding)

Answer 6

-Selections expressed by activated endothelial cells

• S-lex expressed by white blood cells willl come in contact w selectins and cause rolling adhesion
• ICAMS further aid in slowing down white blood cell causing tight binding

Question 7

What is diapedesis and chemotaxis

Answer 7

diapedis- binding causes conformational change that allows white blood to squeeze bw capillary endothelial cells

Chemotaxis- Once in, the white blood cells will follow cehmokine gradiants to migrate to site of injury

Question 8

What percentage of Leukocytes is made of granulocytes and what are the sub cats

Answer 8

70%

basophils- <1% (helps regulate clotting)
Monocytes- 5%
macrophages

Question 9

What processes indicated there is chronic inflamation

Answer 9

fibrous, angiogenesis and granuloma are signs of chronic inflammation

Question 10

S+s of systematic inflamatin

Answer 10

-prescence of elevated lvls of inflammatory mediators n peripheral blood

• Fever, peripheral blood leukocytes, headache, chills
• can cause net mvmt of fluids into tissues causing risk of shocj

Question 11

What are ex of acute phase pros and why are they produces

Answer 11

• produced in response to systemic inflammation

- Il6, c reactive pro, fibrinogen, plasminogen, ferritin, alpha 1 anti trypsin + mannan

Question 12

What triggers regerneration of tissues

Answer 12

Growth factors (EGF, VEGF, TGF, granulocyste macrophage stim factro)

Question 13

Epidermal growth factor function

Answer 13

Binds to receptors resulting in various signaling paths (RAS, RAF, MEk)

-activation of genes/pros that favour entery into cell cycle/proliferation

Question 14

Vascular Endothelia growth factor function (what else can it be produced by)

Answer 14

• induce proliferation of endothelia cells

- can also be produced by platlets

Question 15

transforming GF beta function

Answer 15

Stims deposition of collegen + ECM components

Question 16

Granulocyte marcrophage stim factor

Answer 16

Stims stem cells to produce monocytes and granulocytes

Question 17

Labile, stabile and perminent tissues; amount of stem cells and regeneration ability, ex

Answer 17

Labile- many active stem cells, high regen (bone marrow, skin, gut)

Stabile- only enter cell cycle as needed (prox tubules of kid, liver)

Perminent- can only be replaced w scar/fibrous tissue

Question 18

Steps of fibrous repair

Answer 18

1. Inflamation (macrophages/fibroblasts)

2. Proliferation (angiogenesis, granulation, remodeling, epithelization)

Question 19

What happens in inflammation stage of fibrous repair

Answer 19

inflamation- injury induces inflammatory response which leaks to recruitment of active leukocytes + fibroblasts

Question 20

What are the pro inflammatory and anti inflamatory macrophages

Answer 20

M1- pro inflamatory

M2- anti inflammatory ( clearence of dead cells, secrete GFs)

Question 21

What happens in the prolifeation stage of fibrous repair

Answer 21

fibroblasts lay down collegen/elastin, angiogenesis, granulation and wound contracture happens

Question 22

What happens in angiogenesis (what causes it)

Answer 22

Increased blood delivery to injured area

-Angiogenic GFs (VEGF, PDGF) produced by M2 macrophages

Question 23

When does granulation start to occur

Answer 23

72 hours post injruy

Question 24

What happens in remoddeling

Answer 24

Type 3 collagen replace by type 1

-myofibril a smooth mm actin contracts to better tolerate forces

Question 25

What causes wound contraction

Answer 25

Myofibroblast a smooth mm actin grips wound edges and draw them closer together

Question 26

1st interntion vs 2nd interntion wound

Answer 26

1- wounds w close edges (no tissue loss/minimal granulation)

2- Wound w wide edges (more granulation tissue)