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Pathology Midterm > Inflammation (part 1) > Flashcards

Inflammation (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

define inflammation

A

a physiological response to cell injury

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2
Q

name the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

heat
pain
redness
swelling
loss of function

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3
Q

name 2 inflammatory mediators

A

bradykinin and prostaglandins

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4
Q

what causes redness in inflammation

A

dilation of small blood vessels and increased blood supply

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5
Q

hyperemia

A

increased blood supply

causes heat and redness in inflammation

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6
Q

inflammation is a ___ and ____ tissue response to injury

A

systemic and local

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7
Q

what is the goal of inflammation

A

to restore injured tissues to physical integrity and normal function

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8
Q

what are the 2 main components of acute inflammation

A

vascular changes and cellular events

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9
Q

the 2 main components of acute inflammation are vascular changes and cellular events

explain these

A

vascular changes - alterations in diameter/permeability of vessel wall, increased blood flow (vasodilation), EFFLUX OF PLASMA PROTEINS FROM CIRCULATION

cellular events - emigration of leukocytes from circulation to the site of injury

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10
Q

the 2 main components of inflammation are vascular changes and cellular events.

what are these components regulated by?

A

effector cascases

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11
Q

vascular changes and cellular events of inflammation are regulated by effector cascades.

name 3

A

3 activating cascades:

arachnoid acid (eisosanoids)
complement cascade
coagulation factors

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12
Q

these vascular changes and cellular events are driven by…

A

many molecular mediators – both plasma and cell associated

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13
Q

what is edema

A

the leakage of fluid into tissues

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14
Q

what leads to edema?

A

tissue injury results in vascular changes (vasodilation) which leads to the leakage of fluid into tissues (edema)

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15
Q

vascular changes due to tissue injury result in the activation of what

A

platelets to intitiate clot formation and hemostasis (stop bleeding) AND to increase vascular permeability via histamine release

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16
Q

histamine causes…

A

increased vascular permeability

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17
Q

What is the rule for nomenclature of an inflamed tissue?
any exceptions?

A

add itis to end of organ or tissue

exceptions:

pulmonary inflammation = pneumonia

pleural inflammation = pleurisy

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18
Q

inflammation of mammary tissue

A

mastitis

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19
Q

inflammation of colon

A

colitis

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20
Q

inflammation of joint

A

arthritis

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21
Q

how long does acute inflammation last

A

a few days or weeks

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22
Q

what is the central cell for acute inflammation

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

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23
Q

what is the function of PMN leukocyte

A

-central to acute inflammation
-phagocytises microorganisms and tissue debris
-mediates tissue injury

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24
Q

explain the contents of PMN leukocytes

A

they contain primary inflammatory mediators such as ROS, lysosomal granules, primary, secondary, and tertiary granules

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25
why are PMN leukocytes multi lobed?
helps them to squeeze between endothelial cells and get to the site of injury
26
explain the functions of the primary, secondary, and tertiary granules of PMN leukocytes
primary granules are responsible for killing and digesting ingested microorganisms secondary and tertiary granule constituents may have REGULATORY functions outside of the cell - don't participate in cell death
27
what produces superoxide radicals when oxidizing O2?
NADPH oxidase
28
true or false neutrophils contain many receptors
TRUE contain receptors that recognize PAMPS and DAMPS, antibodies, compliment components, amino acid metabolites, cytokines, and chemokines
29
what are PAMPS and DAMPS? what cell recognizes them?
PAMPS = pathogen associated molecular pattern molecules DAMPS = damage associated molecular patterns recognized by neutrophils receptors
30
what are NETs
neutrophil extracellular traps
31
neutrophils can activate or suppress what cells?
T cells
32
neutrophils can attract what cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
33
name 4 inflammatory agents what cells do they induce?
bradykinin histamine endotoxins cytokines induce endothelial cells
34
what does nitric oxide do? when is it released?
relaxes smooth muscles and reacts with ROS to create highly active free radicals released by activated endothelial cells
35
what do endothelins do? when are they released
induce prolonged vasoconstriction of smooth muscle released by activated endothelial cells
36
inflammatory cytokines are generated by....
activated endothelial cells
37
what cells regulate the acute and chronic inflammatory response, regulate coagulation, fibrinolytic pathway, and regulate the immune response?
monocytes/macrophages ** are also antigen presenting cells
38
where are macrophoages/monocytes formed?
in the bone marrow and they migrate into tissues to become resident macrophages
39
classify macrophages
classically activated (M1) alternatively activated (M2)
40
differentiate between M1 and M2 macrophages
M1 are classically activated and are driven by IFNY, TNFa, and LPS to support inflammatory repsonses and release ROS and cytokines M2 are alternatively activated and respond to IL-4 and IL-13 to help clear PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND SUPPRESS INFLAMMATION
41
which macrophages support inflammation - M1 or M2
M1 supports inflammation and M2 suppresses M1 leads to cytotoxicity and tissue injury and M2 leads to immune SUPPRESSION and tissue REPAIR
42
what cells have cell surface receptors for IGE?
mast cells(basophils)
43
what cells are associated with allergy and asthma
mast cells and eosinophils
44
what cells release inflammatory mediators including histamine when their receptors are stimulated?
mast cells
45
what cells provide defense against parasites
eosinophils
46
what cells are associated with chronic inflammation
eosinophils
47
which type of cell has red granules
eosinophils
48
what is thrombosis
clot formation
49
true or false platelets are small cells
FALSE - they are not cells. they are fragments of cells containing vacuoles, microtubules, and granules
50
name 3 functions of platelets
-promote clot formation -regulate permeability -regulate proliferative response of mesenchymal cells
51
true or false platelets lack nuclei
true
52
name 3 platelets inclusions
dense granules (serotonin, histamine, calcium, ADP) a-granules (PDFG - platelet derived growth factor) lysosomes - acid hydrolases
53
serotonin has the same effects as ________
histamine both increase vascular permeability
54
what maintains vasodilation and vasoconstriction in balance
platelet derived TXA2 endothelial derived PGI2
55
during inflammation, how is the balance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction shifted?
during inflammation, balance shifted to vasoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, platelet aggregation, and PMN responses
56
which is proinflammatory and which is anti inflammatory -- TXA2 and PGI2
TXA2 is proinflamm PGI2 is anti
57
during repair, which is predominately expressed -- TXA2 or PGI2
PGI2 expressed during repair bc it inhibits platelet aggregation and the recruitment of PMNS
58
what induces platelet aggregation? is it a vasoconstrictor or dilator?
TXA2 vasoconstrictor
59
which enhances PMN responses -- TXA2 or OGI1
TXA2
60
What is a tissue's first response after most forms of injury
acute inflammation
61
what is the duration of acute inflammation
minutes to days
62
true or false normally (no injury or inflammation), platelets are unable to bind other platelets and cells, so there is no clotting
true
63
what are the 2 types of edema
non-inflammatory edema and inflammatory edema
64
oncotic pressure is dependent on....
proteins
65
osmotic pressure is dependent on....
salt
66
__________ is the earliest vascular response to mild skin injury
transient vasoconstriction of arterioles
67
initially, fluid that forms edema is _____ and then it becomes _____
transudate - ultrafiltrate of blood plasma as it becomes rich in protein and cells and vascular permeability increases, it becomes exudate
68
what are the 2 sources of plasma derived mediators
hageman factor activation (fibrin split products, kinins (bradykinin)) complement system activation (C3a, C5a)
69
What are 4 sources of cell derived mediators
mast cell degranulation (histamine) platelets (serotonin) inflammatory cells (platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) endothelium (nitric oxide, prostaglandins, platelet activating factor)
70
both plasma and cell derived mediators ultimately lead to what
increased vascular permeability and edema
71
differentiate between effusion, transudate, and exudate
effusion = excess fluid in body cavities (such as peritoneum and pleura) transudate = edema fluid with a low protein content exudate = edema fluid with high protein concentration and OFTEN CONTAINS INFLAMMATORY CELLS
72
When are exudates seen and how are they produced?
early in acute inflammation. produced by mild injuries such as sunburn or traumatic blisters
73

Pathology Midterm (10 decks)

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