Immunopathology (part 2)

Question 1

type 3 produces antibodies against endogenous or exogenous substancs

be specific

Answer 1

endogenous could be DNA

exogenous could be bacteria or viruses

Question 2

for an antibody-antigen complex to be formed what should be the relative ratio of antibody to antigen

Answer 2

roughly equal

Question 3

SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) is what kind of hypersensitivity

Answer 3

type 3 (autoimmune)

Question 4

antigen-antibody complex deposits in basement membrane

Answer 4

glomerulonephritis

Question 5

deposition in vessel walls

associated with ______ infection

Answer 5

vasculitis, hepatitis C

Question 6

what do anaphylatoxins do:

-to smooth muscle
-to the blood

name 2 anaphylotoxins

Answer 6

C3a and c5a

contract smooth muscle - respiratory system dysfunction

increase permeability of blood vessels, causing edema

Question 7

name 3 results of immune complex deposition

Answer 7

vasculitis
glomerulonephritis
complement activation (C3a and c5a released and produce their effects of increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction)

Question 8

what is delayed type hypersensitivity

Answer 8

type 4

Question 9

type 4 hypersensitivity mainly involves what cells

Answer 9

CD4 and CD8 rather than antibodies

Question 10

what hypersensitivity involves contact dermatitis

Answer 10

type 4 - (Poison ivy)

Question 11

what plays a major role in transplant rejection

Answer 11

type 4 hypersensitivity – CD8 mediated

Question 12

2 most important cytokines in type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 12

IL-2 AND IFN-Y

Question 13

what hypersensitivity is used for tuberculin skin test

explain

Answer 13

type 4 (delayed type)

intradermal injection and sensitized CD4+ are activated and secrete cytokines

Question 14

granulomatous inflammation is associated with which hypersensitivity

Answer 14

type 4

Question 15

name the different types of kidney rejection and differentiate

Answer 15

hyperacute
acute
chronic

hyperacute occurs within minutes to hours (acquired immunity not yet activated)

acute - onset 7-10 days. detected by slight rise in SERUM CREATININE. cell mediated and humoral tissue damage (tubular injury)

CHRONIC - onset is months to years
-arterial anf arteriolar thickening, thick glomerular capillary walls, atrophy, fibrosis

Question 16

in ___ and ___ transplants, unlike kidney transplants, there is no effort to match HLA antigens in donor and host

Answer 16

heart and liver

only size compatibility and time limitations

Question 17

in which transplant can graft vs host disease occur

Answer 17

bone marrow transplant

Question 18

explain what happens in graft vs host disease

Answer 18

the donor marrow rejects the host as foreign and targets the liver, skin, and GI tract

Question 19

systemic lupus erythematosus is what kind of hypersensitivity

Answer 19

type 3

Question 20

rheumatoid arthritis is what kind of hypersensitivity

Answer 20

type 3

Question 21

what is primary immunodeficiency

Answer 21

inherited defects in genes

most are RECESSIVE

Question 22

primary immunodeficiency can be classified into ___ main groups:

Answer 22

4:

-humoral (B cell) (MOST)
-Cellular (T cell)

(- phagocytic
-complement) barely

Question 23

explain XLA (x-linked agammaglobulinemia)

Answer 23

B cell primary immunodeficiency

areas like tonsils, spleen, adenoids, peyers patches are poorly developed

HOWEVER LYMPH NODES HORMAL BC HYPERTROPHY OF T CELL AREAS

Question 24

Those with XLA are at an increased risk of….

Answer 24

B cell lymphoma

Question 25

since XLA is x linked, it occurs mostly in….

Answer 25

males

Question 26

what is X-linked SCID

Answer 26

severe combined immunodeficiency

body produces few T cells and NK cells

in the absence of T cell help, B cells become defective

Question 27

what is digeorge syndrome

Answer 27

lack small fragment of 22nd chromosome and absence of the thymus and T cells

Question 28

what disease–

failure to produce antibodies against polysaccharides, makes pt susceptible to organisms with polysacchairde capsules

Answer 28

wiscott-aldrich syndrome

Question 29

SCID arises from ____ deficiencies

Answer 29

T cell
-but both hemoral and cell mediated immunitty are affectd

Question 30

what is adenosine deaminase

Answer 30

defect in purine metabolism – toxic to T cells. due to underdevloped thymus

SCID

Question 31

name 3 ACQUIRED immunodeficiencies

Answer 31

HIV infection
iatrogenic immunosuppression
malnutrition

Question 32

explain the HIV virus

Answer 32

single strand RNA virus called retrovirus

uses its RNA genome to direct the synthesis of DNA

this dsDNA integrates into the genome as a provirus and viral mRNA and proteins continually are made

Question 33

What are the important spike proteins on the HIV virus? what do they bind to?

Answer 33

GP41 and GP 120
bind CCR5 and CD4 cell

Question 34

“autoimmunity” implies that…

Answer 34

an immune response has been generated against self antigens

Question 35

deficient in adenosine deaminase

Answer 35

COMBINED DEFICIENCY - DEFICIENT IN BOTH T CELL AND B CELL FUNCTIONS

Question 36

HAART

Answer 36

combined therapy for HIV

Question 37

type ______ is systemic in nature while type ___ diseases are organ specific

Answer 37

type 3 is systemic
type 2 is organ specific