Inflammation & Healing

Question 1

first line of defense

Answer 1

nonspecific, mechanical barrier

unbroken skin, mucous membranes, secretions

Question 2

second line of defense

Answer 2

nonspecific, phagocytosis, inflammation

Question 3

third line of defense

Answer 3

specific, production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity

Question 4

inflammation

Answer 4

normal defense mechanism that localizes and removes injurious agent

Question 5

causes of inflammation

Answer 5

1. direct physical damage (cut, sprain)
2. caustic chemicals
3. ischemia or infarction
4. allergic reactions
5. foreign bodies (splinter)
6. infection

Question 6

histamine

Answer 6

from mast cells

boosts blood flow in area of allergen

vasodilation, increased permeability = itching

Question 7

cytokines

Answer 7

from T lymphocytes and macrophages

increases plasma proteins = fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis

Question 8

prostaglandins

Answer 8

potentiates histamine effect

vasodilation, inflammation, pain, fever

Question 9

kinins

Answer 9

from liver

vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis

Question 10

leukotrines

Answer 10

from mast cells

have primary and delayed response = asthma

Question 11

acute inflammation

Answer 11

1st response before immune response

aimed at removing agent and limiting tissue damage

Question 12

acute inflammation complications

Answer 12

infection and skeletal muscle spasm

Question 13

chronic inflammation

Answer 13

less swelling and exudate, continued tissue destruction

Question 14

chronic inflammation complications

Answer 14

deep ulcers

Question 15

local inflammation effects

Answer 15

erythema and warmth

edema

pain

decreased/loss of functions

Question 16

local inflammation cellular change

Answer 16

release of kinins

Question 17

systemic inflammation effects

Answer 17

mild fever

malaise

fatigue

headache

anorexia

leukocytosis

changes in blood composition

Question 18

systemic inflammation cellular change

Answer 18

leukocytes release cytokines and tumor necrosis factor

liver makes fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (clotting)

Question 19

tissue repair

Answer 19

overlaps inflammatory process

Question 20

types of healing

Answer 20

resolution, regeneration, replacement

Question 21

resolution

Answer 21

minimal tissue damage

sunburn

Question 22

regeneration

Answer 22

injured cells are replaced with cells of the same type

liver cells, mitosis

Question 23

replacement

Answer 23

scar

Question 24

healing phases

Answer 24

1. hemostasis
2. inflammatory
3. proliferative
4. remodeling

Question 25

hemostasis

Answer 25

begins at time of injury

blood clot forms

Question 26

inflammatory

Answer 26

inflammation response

Question 27

proliferative

Answer 27

build new tissue

Question 28

remodeling

Answer 28

scar tissue

Question 29

first intention

Answer 29

complete healing with use of suture

small scar

short time lapse

Question 30

second intention

Answer 30

tissue loss = large scar = large gap

long time lapse

risk of complications

Question 31

dysfunctional wound healing

Answer 31

dehiscence

evisceration

Question 32

dehiscense

Answer 32

wound pulls apart at staple/suture line

Question 33

evisceration

Answer 33

disembowelment

Question 34

scar formation

Answer 34

loss of function

contractures/obstructions

adhesions

hypertrophic scar tissue (keloid)

ulceration

Question 35

superficial partial thickness (first degree) burns

Answer 35

epidermis and part of dermis

skin red, painful, little to no blister, no scarring

ex: sunburn

Question 36

deep partial thickness (second degree) burns

Answer 36

epidermis and part of dermis

skin red, swollen, very painful, waxy, blister

can be infected, minimal scarring

Question 37

full thickness (third and fourth degree) burns

Answer 37

destruction of all skin layers and underlying tissues

black, leather appearance