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Patho > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Hyponatremia

A

sodium deficit

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2
Q

Hyponatremia Causes

A

Loss through sweating, vomiting, diarrhea

Diuretic Use

Hormonal: Insufficient aldosterone, Adrenal Insufficiency

Dilutional: excessive fluid

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3
Q

Hyponatremia S&S

A

S - stupor/coma
A - anorexia, N/V
L - lethargy
T - tendon reflexes decreased
L - limp muscles
O - orthostatic hypotension
S - seizures/headache
S - stomach cramps

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4
Q

Sodium

A

think fluid balance

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5
Q

Hypernatremia

A

sodium excess

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6
Q

Hypernatremia Causes

A

Hormonal: Insufficient ADH, Excessive aldosterone

Loss of thirst, Increased ingestion

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7
Q

Hypernatremia S&S

A

F - flushed skin
R - restlessness
I - increased fluid retention, ↑ BP
E - edema peripheral, pitting dependent
D - decreased urine, dry mouth S - skin dry
A - agitation
L - low grade fever
T - thirst, tachycardia

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8
Q

Potassium

A

think heart

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9
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Potassium loss

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10
Q

Hypokalemia Causes

A

Loss through diarrhea, ETOH, anorexia

Drugs: Diuretic Use, Excessive Insulin

Hormonal: Excessive aldosterone

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11
Q

Hypokalemia S&S

A

S - skeletal muscle weakness
U - U wave and EKG changes
C - constipation, ileus
T - toxic effects of digoxin
I - irregular pulse
O - orthostatic hypotension
N – numbness

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12
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

potassium excess

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13
Q

Hyperkalemia Causes

A

Renal failure, Burns

Drugs: K Sparing drugs

Hormonal: Deficient aldosterone

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia S&S

A

M - muscle weakness
U - urine(oliguria)
R - respiratory distress
D - decreased cardiac contractility
E - ECG changes
R - reflexia

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15
Q

Calcium

A

think muscle

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16
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

calcium loss

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17
Q

Hypocalcemia Causes

A

Hypoparathyroidism

Renal Failure

Malabsorption syndrome

18
Q

Hypocalcemia S&S

A

C- convulsions
A- arrhythmias
T- tetany
S- stridor, spasms

19
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

excess calcium

20
Q

Hypercalcemia Causes

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Neoplasms

Increased calcium intake

21
Q

Hypercalcemia S&S

A

B- bone pain
A- arrhythmias
C- cardiac arrest
K- kidney stones
M- muscle weakness
E- excessive urination

22
Q

phosphate

A

inverse of calcium

23
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

phosphate loss

24
Q

Hypophosphatemia causes

A

Malabsorption/malnutrition

Diuretics

DKA, hyperthyroidism, Increased aldosterone

25
Q

Hypophosphatemia S&S

A

B- bone pain
A- arrhythmias
C- cardiac arrest
K- kidney stones
M- muscle weakness
E- excessive urination

26
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

excess phosphate

27
Q

Hyperphosphatemia causes

A

renal failure

28
Q

Hyperphosphatemia S&S

A

C- convulsions
A- arrhythmias
T- tetany
S- stridor, spasms

29
Q

Magnesium

A

think energy

30
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

magnesium loss

31
Q

Hypomagnesemia causes

A

Excessive Alcohol consumption

Malnutrition

Hyperthyroidism

32
Q

Hypomagnesemia S&S

A

T- Tachycardia/Tetany
R- Respiratory weakness
A- A increased BP
N- Neuromuscular excitability
C- Confusion
E- Excitable neurons (seizures)

33
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

magnesium excess

34
Q

Hypermagnesemia causes

A

Excessive Ingestion of antacids

Renal Failure

35
Q

Hypermagnesemia S&S

A

D- Depressed reflexes
R- Respiratory/Cardiac depression
I- Irritable bowels
V- Vomiting
E- Eventual low BP

36
Q

Chloride

A

think sodium

37
Q

Hypochloremia

A

chloride loss

38
Q

Hypochloremia causes

A

Excessive vomiting (alkalosis)

Excessive sweating/dehydration

39
Q

Hypochloremia S&S

A

S - stupor/coma
A - anorexia, N/V
L - lethargy
T - tendon reflexes decreased
L - limp muscles
O - orthostatic hypotension
S - seizures/headache
S - stomach cramps

40
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

excess chloride

41
Q

Hyperchloremia causes

A

Excessive sodium intake

Excessive water loss

42
Q

Hyperchloremia S&S

A

F - flushed skin
R - restlessness
I - increased fluid retention, ↑ BP
E - edema peripheral, pitting dependent
D - decreased urine, dry mouth S - skin dry
A - agitation
L - low grade fever
T - thirst, tachycardia

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