Cellular Adaptation Flashcards
Atrophy
decrease in cell size
natural or unnatural
Atrophy Common Cells
skeletal muscles (in a cast)
heart and brain (as we age)
secondary sex organs (menopause)
Atrophy leads to
decreased tissue mass
decreased oxygen needs and number of organelles
decreased ATP and function
Atrophy causes
disuse
denervation
loss of endocrine function
inadequate nutrition
ischemia
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Hypertrophy leads to
increased tissue mass
increase in oxygen needs and number of organelles
increased need for ATP and function
Hypertrophy causes
hormonal stimulation
increased use (functional demand)
compensation for organ loss
Hyperplasia
increase win number of cells
can be increased risk of cancer
Hyperplasia common cells
epidermal (warts)
intestinal epithelium (polyps)
glandular (hormone excretion)
Cells that cannot undergo hyperplasia
nerve and cardiac
compensatory hyperplasia
increased due to functional demand
liver loss, muscle size
normal hormonal hyperplasia
puberty
abnormal hormonal hyperplasia
endometriosis
warts from HPV
metaplasia
1 mature cell type replace by another mature cell type
enlarged tissue mass
increased risk of cancer
adaptive metaplasia
occurs in response to chronic irritation for noxious stimuli
substitutes cells better fit for circumstances where fragile type may die
smokers
metaplasia
ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells
dysplasia
cells vary by size, shape, nuclei
rate of mitosis increased
dysplasia causes
chronic infection
chronic irritation
precancerous
dysplasia screening tests
pap-smear
neoplasia
new growth
tumor
benign
neoplasia
noncancerous, does not spread, non-life-threatening
malignant
neoplasia
cancer
anaplasia
mutated, undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear/cell stx, increased mitosis rate
seen in malignant tumors
extent of cell injury depends on…
intensity and duration of injury
type of cell involved
cell injury reversible if…
factor removed quickly
cell injury irreversible if…
structural damage occurs/agent persists
hypoxia
oxygen deprivation in cell
interferes with oxidative metabolism and ATP production
hypoxia causes
decreased inspired oxygen
problems with Hgb
problems with RBCs
disease
ischemia
decreased blood flow, most common form of hypoxic injury
lack of ATP
sodium pump fails
local ischemia
blocked artery
systemic ischemia
respiratory failure
physical agents
cold, heat, radiation
impair blood supply and metabolic processes
mechanical damage
pressure, tearing tissues
chemical toxins
exogenous (environment) and endogenous (in body)
alter membrane
produce reative chemicals
microbes
bacterial, viruses, parasites
abnormal metabolites
accumulate due to altered metabolism
nutritional defects
malnutrition and malabsorption
imbalance of fluids and electrolytes
needed for communication and membrane processes
apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
death of a group of cells
liquefaction necrosis
dead cells liquefy because of release
ex: brain death, infection, ulcers
coagulative necrosis
cell proteins altered or denatured
ex: injury to heart, kidneys
scrambled eggs
fat necrosis
fatty tissue broken down into fatty acid
ex: infection, chronic inflammation
caseous necrosis
form of coagulation necrosis
thick, yellow, cheesy substance forms
ex: TB
gangrene
necrotic tissue, lack/loss of blood supply, invaded by bacteria
dry gangrene
lack of blood supply causes tissue to die
characteristics of dry gangrene
spreads slow
distinct line of infected area
not usually invaded by bacteria
causes of dry gangrene
frostbite, poor circulation
wet gangrene
injury occurs, tissue becomes moist and breaks down
characteristics of wet gangrene
tissue infected with bacteria
pus
spreads quickly, no distinct line
causes of wet gangrene
burns and crushing injuries
gas gangrene
infection deep inside body (inside muscles/organs)
clostridia release dangerous toxins/poisons that destroy cells/produce gas that further reduce blood flow
characteristics of gag gangrene
rare
trauma
death in 48 hr if not treated
