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Patho > Cellular Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

natural or unnatural

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2
Q

Atrophy Common Cells

A

skeletal muscles (in a cast)

heart and brain (as we age)

secondary sex organs (menopause)

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3
Q

Atrophy leads to

A

decreased tissue mass

decreased oxygen needs and number of organelles

decreased ATP and function

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4
Q

Atrophy causes

A

disuse

denervation

loss of endocrine function

inadequate nutrition

ischemia

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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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6
Q

Hypertrophy leads to

A

increased tissue mass

increase in oxygen needs and number of organelles

increased need for ATP and function

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7
Q

Hypertrophy causes

A

hormonal stimulation

increased use (functional demand)

compensation for organ loss

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8
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase win number of cells

can be increased risk of cancer

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9
Q

Hyperplasia common cells

A

epidermal (warts)

intestinal epithelium (polyps)

glandular (hormone excretion)

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10
Q

Cells that cannot undergo hyperplasia

A

nerve and cardiac

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11
Q

compensatory hyperplasia

A

increased due to functional demand

liver loss, muscle size

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12
Q

normal hormonal hyperplasia

A

puberty

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13
Q

abnormal hormonal hyperplasia

A

endometriosis

warts from HPV

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14
Q

metaplasia

A

1 mature cell type replace by another mature cell type

enlarged tissue mass

increased risk of cancer

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15
Q

adaptive metaplasia

A

occurs in response to chronic irritation for noxious stimuli

substitutes cells better fit for circumstances where fragile type may die

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16
Q

smokers

A

metaplasia

ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells

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17
Q

dysplasia

A

cells vary by size, shape, nuclei

rate of mitosis increased

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18
Q

dysplasia causes

A

chronic infection

chronic irritation

precancerous

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19
Q

dysplasia screening tests

A

pap-smear

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20
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth

tumor

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21
Q

benign

A

neoplasia

noncancerous, does not spread, non-life-threatening

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22
Q

malignant

A

neoplasia

cancer

23
Q

anaplasia

A

mutated, undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear/cell stx, increased mitosis rate

seen in malignant tumors

24
Q

extent of cell injury depends on…

A

intensity and duration of injury

type of cell involved

25
Q

cell injury reversible if…

A

factor removed quickly

26
Q

cell injury irreversible if…

A

structural damage occurs/agent persists

27
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deprivation in cell

interferes with oxidative metabolism and ATP production

28
Q

hypoxia causes

A

decreased inspired oxygen

problems with Hgb

problems with RBCs

disease

29
Q

ischemia

A

decreased blood flow, most common form of hypoxic injury

lack of ATP

sodium pump fails

30
Q

local ischemia

A

blocked artery

31
Q

systemic ischemia

A

respiratory failure

32
Q

physical agents

A

cold, heat, radiation

impair blood supply and metabolic processes

33
Q

mechanical damage

A

pressure, tearing tissues

34
Q

chemical toxins

A

exogenous (environment) and endogenous (in body)

alter membrane

produce reative chemicals

35
Q

microbes

A

bacterial, viruses, parasites

36
Q

abnormal metabolites

A

accumulate due to altered metabolism

37
Q

nutritional defects

A

malnutrition and malabsorption

38
Q

imbalance of fluids and electrolytes

A

needed for communication and membrane processes

39
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

40
Q

necrosis

A

death of a group of cells

41
Q

liquefaction necrosis

A

dead cells liquefy because of release

ex: brain death, infection, ulcers

42
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

cell proteins altered or denatured

ex: injury to heart, kidneys

scrambled eggs

43
Q

fat necrosis

A

fatty tissue broken down into fatty acid

ex: infection, chronic inflammation

44
Q

caseous necrosis

A

form of coagulation necrosis

thick, yellow, cheesy substance forms

ex: TB

45
Q

gangrene

A

necrotic tissue, lack/loss of blood supply, invaded by bacteria

46
Q

dry gangrene

A

lack of blood supply causes tissue to die

47
Q

characteristics of dry gangrene

A

spreads slow

distinct line of infected area

not usually invaded by bacteria

48
Q

causes of dry gangrene

A

frostbite, poor circulation

49
Q

wet gangrene

A

injury occurs, tissue becomes moist and breaks down

50
Q

characteristics of wet gangrene

A

tissue infected with bacteria

pus

spreads quickly, no distinct line

51
Q

causes of wet gangrene

A

burns and crushing injuries

52
Q

gas gangrene

A

infection deep inside body (inside muscles/organs)

clostridia release dangerous toxins/poisons that destroy cells/produce gas that further reduce blood flow

53
Q

characteristics of gag gangrene

A

rare

trauma

death in 48 hr if not treated

Patho (5 decks)

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