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Host And Defense - Exam 3 > Inflammation - Baker > Flashcards

Inflammation - Baker Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli

Protective response

Fx of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury

Unresolved damage causes further injury to tissue

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2
Q

What are clinical conditions associated with inflammation?

A

Infection

Trauma, radiation

Chemical injury

Autoimmunity

Tumors

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3
Q

Difference b/t acute and chronic inflammation.

A

Acute

  • Pathogens, injury
  • PMNs, monocytes, macrophages
  • Vasoactive amines, eicosanoids
  • IMMEDIATE onset
  • Minutes to days
  • Resolution, abscess, or can turn into chronic

Chronic

  • Persistent acute inflammation, foreign bodies
  • Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts
  • IFNgamma, growth factors, ROS
  • DELAYED onset
  • Weeks, months, years
  • Tissue destruction, fibrosis
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4
Q

What is granulomatosis?

A

Variant of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of epitheloid histiocytes/macrophages, giant cells and lymphocytes

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5
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor

Tumor

Calor

Dolor

Loss of fx

  • Red and heat due to vasodilation and increased blood flow
  • Swelling due to edema
  • Pain due to PGE2, bradykinin, substance P, histamine
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6
Q

What is transudate?

A

Low protein content, few cells

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure (decreased protein synthesis), increased protein loss

Increased hydrostatic pressure (venous outflow obstruction)

Fluid pushed thru capillary due to high pressure w/in capillary

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7
Q

What is exudate?

A

High protein content, high cell numbers of white and red cells

  • Increased interendothelial spaces and vasodilation and stasis
  • Fluid and protein leakage

Fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation

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8
Q

What are the 2 phases of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular

  • Vasodilation
  • Edema
Cellular
-PMNs**
—Chemoattraction
—Rolling
—Adhesion*
—Transmigration
-Chemokines also present
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9
Q

What allows the PMN across the endothelium?

A

PECAM-1

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10
Q

T/F - PMNs actually adhere to the endothelium.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Most numerous cells in the blood?

A

RBC

Platelets

Neutrophil

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

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12
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low PMN amount

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13
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

High amount of PMNs

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14
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

High WBCs

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15
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Increase in number of lymphocytes

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16
Q

What is Eosinophilia?

A

Eosinophil count too high

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17
Q

Thrombocytosis?

A

Body produces too many platelets

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18
Q

What is leukocytosis with neutrophilia?

A

Acute inflammation - bacterial infection

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19
Q

What is leukocytosis with lymphocytosis?

A

Chronic inflammation - VIRAL

20
Q

Eosinophilia means what?

A

Parasitic infection, autoimmune, asthma/allergic

21
Q

T/F - Thrombocytosis or thrombocytopenia can occur during an infection.

A

TRUE

22
Q

Faster sedimentation rate would indicate what?

A

Infection

23
Q

An increase in band neutrophils typically means what?

A

Bone marrow has been signaled to release more WBCs and increase production of WBCs

Called left shift

24
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Painful collection of pus

Bacterial, parasitic, or foreign substances

25
Q

What are the 3 important cytokines in the acute phase response?

A

IL-1beta

IL-6

IFNgamma

*IL-6 signals the liver to release cytokines and CRP to initiate macrophages and other cells

26
Q

Why is albumin important?

A

It is used in protein synthesis for the liver to produce acute phase proteins for the acute phase response

27
Q

What is CRP?

A

C-reactive protein - an acute phase reactant
-Mild increase in healthy pts indicates risk of atherosclerosis

*Become abnormal faster than sedimentation rate

28
Q

What is procalcitonin?

A

A calcitonin precursor

  • Bacterial infection specific
  • Can help determine if abx are needed
29
Q

What are other acute phase reactants?

A

SAA
-Recruiter of immune cells

Ceruloplasmin
-Oxidizes iron

30
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and BBB fx

31
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

Acute exudative inflammation of an entire pulmonary lobe

  • Caused by S. Pneumoniae
  • 4 stages
32
Q

What are 3 cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Fibroblasts and new vessels in tissue repair

33
Q

Tell me about lymphocytes.

A

B - Antibodies, can become plasma cells

T:

  • CD4-TH1 - Fungal, mycobacterial, and other infections
  • CD4-TH2 - Parasites, allergies
  • TH17 - Ongoing PMN infiltrates
  • CD8 - Direct cytotoxicity, viral infection

These can be long lived and present in many sites

34
Q

T/F - Viral pneumonias manifest themselves in the interstitium rather than the alveolar air spaces.

A

TRUE

  • Secondary bacterial superinfection is possible*
  • Common viruses - Influenza A and B
35
Q

What do plasma cells look like?

A

Eccentric, round, clock-face nuclei

Make immunoglobulins

36
Q

What is the precursor to macrophages>

A

Monocytes

37
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Kupffer cells in liver

Lymph nodes, spleen, lung, intestine, marrow

Granulomas is a cluster of epithelioid macrophages

38
Q

What are the largest type of leukocytes?

A

Monocytes

-Can differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells

39
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Collection of macrophages that form when the immune system attempts to arrest substances it perceives as foreign, but unable to eliminate

40
Q

What are the 2 types of macrophages?

A

M1

  • Type I inflammation
  • Killing of intracellular pathogens
  • Tumor resistance
  • Marker: iNOS*

M2

  • Marker: Arginine*
  • Parasites
  • Allergy
41
Q

What are type II immune responses responsive to?

A

Parasites and allergies

42
Q

What immune cells are active in the type II immune response?

A

TH2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils

43
Q

What do eosinophils respond to?

A

Ig

Mast cells

TH2 lymphocytes

Prominent in parasitic infections

44
Q

T/F - Many eosinophils in bronchial mucosa in asthma.

A

TRUE

45
Q

What is the difference b/t basophils and mast cells?

ON THE TEST

A

Both are granulated cells that contain histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)

Basophils - Leave marrow mature

Mast cell - Circulate in an immature form and mature once in a tissue

Host And Defense - Exam 3 (15 decks)

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