Baker - Basis Of Pathology Cell Response To Stress Flashcards
What should we think about with diseases?
Cause/etiology
Pathogenesis
-Causal sequence of molecular events
Morphologic changes
-Structural consequences (diagnostic)
Clinical changes and prognosis
What are 7 causes of cell injury and death?
Physical
Ischemia and hypoxia
Toxins and drugs
Infection
Inflammation
Genetic diseases
Nutritional problems
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
What is atrophy?
Degeneration of cells
Reduced size of an organ or tissue from a decrease in cell size and number
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in number of cells
What is metaplasia?
Cells change to another type
THIS IS REVERSIBLE
What is dysplasia?
Pre-cancerous
More serious than metaplasia
Cells change to a more irreversible state
What is fatty atrophy/cachexia?
Wasting syndrome
Loss of weight Muscle atrophy Fatigue Weakness Loss of appetite
Common in: Cancer AIDS COPD RA TB Crohn’s
Cachexia is fatal at ___% of normal body weight.
~68%
What is an example of metaplasia?
Smoker’s airways that reverse after smoking subsides
Which highly metabolic cells are most prone to injury?
Cardiac myocytes
Renal tubular cells
Hepatocytes
Which rapidly proliferating cells are most prone to injury?
Testicular germ cells
Intestinal epithelium
Hematopoietic cells
When is cell injury reversible?
Damage not enough to kill cell
What is cell injury irreversible?
Holes in membrane, long Ca2+ influx, Mito loss
*Apoptosis, necrosis
What are reversible injuries?
Hypoxia
Anaerobic glycolysis
Cell swelling
What is apoptosis?
Energy-req programmed death
No inflammation, usually one cell at a time
Happens in:
Embryology
Cell turnover
Viral infection
Cell damage
What are the 2 apoptotic pathways?
Extrinsic pathway
-Cells in surroundings kill the cell
—Caspase 8 activation
Intrinsic pathway
-Cell kills itself
—Caspase 9 activation
*Both caspases lead to caspase 3 cleavage
Tell me the extrinsic pathway.
TNF or Fas can stim the cell membrane
- TNF binds the TNF receptor
- Fas binds the Fas ligand
This leads to caspase 8 activation, influence by P53
That leads to caspase 3 cleavage
Leads to caspase cascade
Leads to apoptosis
What is necrosis?
Uncoordinated cell death
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Death in clusters, instead of cell by cell (like apoptosis)
Nuclear pyknosis has what characteristics?
Shriveled, dark
Karyolysis has what characteristics?
Digested, pale nucleus
Karyorrhexis has what characteristics?
Nuclear fragmentation
What is coagulation necrosis?
Accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarct
*Heart infarct
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Loss of substance
- Coagulative - cell outline is preserved*
- Liquefactive - cell outline NOT preserved*
What is fat necrosis?
Lipase releases FAs from triglycerides
Then complex with Ca2+ to form soaps
-White, chalky deposits
T/F - Gangrenous necrosis is a type of necrosis where blood supply is not present.
TRUE
T/F - Organelles can have hypertrophy or atrophy.
TRUE
Tell me about necrosis
Swelling of ER and mitochondria
Membrane blebs
Inflammation
Breakdown of membrane
Tell me about apoptosis
Condensation of chromatin
Membrane blebs
Cellular fragmentation
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments by MACROPHAGES
What happens in cholesterolosis of gall bladder?
Lipid filled macrophages (Foam cells) seen in gallbladder lumen. No muscular mucosa is present
What are the 3 brown storage products?
Lipofuscin
-Degraded lipid in lysosomes
Bilirubin
- Hb breakdown product
- Present in bile
- Too much causes jaundice
Hemosiderin
- Iron containing pigment
- Excessive iron absorption, bleeding into tissues
What is melanin?
Produce by tyrosine oxidation, followed by polymerization
What are the 2 types of protein storage?
Intracellular -Russell bodies in plasma cells -Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency Extracellular -Amyloid -Fibrosis (Scar)
What is anthracosis?
Carbon pigment
Harmless, around lungs
What is calcification?
Calcification in wrong places
Frostbite is an example of what type of necrosis?
Gangrenous necrosis
Muscles in a body builder = what?
Brain in dementia pt = ?
Prostatic enlargement = ?
Uterine cervical premalignant change = ?
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Tell me the 3 abnormal storage products.
Fatty change of liver
-Common and nonspecific
Glycogen accumulation
- In liver in diabetes
- Glycogen storage disease
- Certain tumors
Lipid storage
-In vessels in atherosclerosis
What is coagulative necrosis?
With ischemia = infarct
Proteins denature and aggregate
Cell outline preserved
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Loss of substance (Brain or lung abscess)
Cell outline NOT preserved
What is fat necrosis?
Necrosis in fat
What is caseous necrosis?
Necrotizing granulomas
Combo of liquefactive and ocagulative
Fungal or TB
What is gangrenous necrosis?
Necrosis of whole anatomic area
What is fibrinoid necrosis?
Ag/Ab complex form in arteries and vessels
Tell me about the intrinsic pathway.
Bcl-2 (stabilizes mitochondria)
Bax (destabilizes mitochondria)
This leads to cytochrome C leaks from mitochondria
That leads to caspase 9 activation influenced by P53
That leads to caspase 3 cleavage
That leads to caspase cascade
That leads to apoptosis
P53 influences caspases. Name them.
Caspase 8 activation (Extrinsic pathway)
Caspase 3 cleavage
Caspase 9 activation (Intrinsic)
