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Host And Defense - Exam 3 > Baker - Basis Of Pathology Cell Response To Stress > Flashcards

Baker - Basis Of Pathology Cell Response To Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What should we think about with diseases?

A

Cause/etiology

Pathogenesis
-Causal sequence of molecular events

Morphologic changes
-Structural consequences (diagnostic)

Clinical changes and prognosis

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2
Q

What are 7 causes of cell injury and death?

A

Physical

Ischemia and hypoxia

Toxins and drugs

Infection

Inflammation

Genetic diseases

Nutritional problems

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Degeneration of cells

Reduced size of an organ or tissue from a decrease in cell size and number

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Cells change to another type

THIS IS REVERSIBLE

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7
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre-cancerous

More serious than metaplasia

Cells change to a more irreversible state

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8
Q

What is fatty atrophy/cachexia?

A

Wasting syndrome

Loss of weight
Muscle atrophy
Fatigue
Weakness
Loss of appetite
Common in:
Cancer
AIDS
COPD
RA
TB
Crohn’s
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9
Q

Cachexia is fatal at ___% of normal body weight.

A

~68%

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10
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

Smoker’s airways that reverse after smoking subsides

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11
Q

Which highly metabolic cells are most prone to injury?

A

Cardiac myocytes

Renal tubular cells

Hepatocytes

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12
Q

Which rapidly proliferating cells are most prone to injury?

A

Testicular germ cells

Intestinal epithelium

Hematopoietic cells

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13
Q

When is cell injury reversible?

A

Damage not enough to kill cell

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14
Q

What is cell injury irreversible?

A

Holes in membrane, long Ca2+ influx, Mito loss

*Apoptosis, necrosis

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15
Q

What are reversible injuries?

A

Hypoxia

Anaerobic glycolysis

Cell swelling

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16
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Energy-req programmed death

No inflammation, usually one cell at a time

Happens in:

Embryology

Cell turnover

Viral infection

Cell damage

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17
Q

What are the 2 apoptotic pathways?

A

Extrinsic pathway
-Cells in surroundings kill the cell
—Caspase 8 activation

Intrinsic pathway
-Cell kills itself
—Caspase 9 activation

*Both caspases lead to caspase 3 cleavage

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18
Q

Tell me the extrinsic pathway.

A

TNF or Fas can stim the cell membrane

  • TNF binds the TNF receptor
  • Fas binds the Fas ligand

This leads to caspase 8 activation, influence by P53

That leads to caspase 3 cleavage

Leads to caspase cascade

Leads to apoptosis

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19
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Uncoordinated cell death

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Death in clusters, instead of cell by cell (like apoptosis)

20
Q

Nuclear pyknosis has what characteristics?

A

Shriveled, dark

21
Q

Karyolysis has what characteristics?

A

Digested, pale nucleus

22
Q

Karyorrhexis has what characteristics?

A

Nuclear fragmentation

23
Q

What is coagulation necrosis?

A

Accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarct

*Heart infarct

24
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Loss of substance

  • Coagulative - cell outline is preserved*
  • Liquefactive - cell outline NOT preserved*
25
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Lipase releases FAs from triglycerides

Then complex with Ca2+ to form soaps
-White, chalky deposits

26
Q

T/F - Gangrenous necrosis is a type of necrosis where blood supply is not present.

A

TRUE

27
Q

T/F - Organelles can have hypertrophy or atrophy.

A

TRUE

28
Q

Tell me about necrosis

A

Swelling of ER and mitochondria

Membrane blebs

Inflammation

Breakdown of membrane

29
Q

Tell me about apoptosis

A

Condensation of chromatin

Membrane blebs

Cellular fragmentation

Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments by MACROPHAGES

30
Q

What happens in cholesterolosis of gall bladder?

A

Lipid filled macrophages (Foam cells) seen in gallbladder lumen. No muscular mucosa is present

31
Q

What are the 3 brown storage products?

A

Lipofuscin
-Degraded lipid in lysosomes

Bilirubin

  • Hb breakdown product
  • Present in bile
  • Too much causes jaundice

Hemosiderin

  • Iron containing pigment
  • Excessive iron absorption, bleeding into tissues
32
Q

What is melanin?

A

Produce by tyrosine oxidation, followed by polymerization

33
Q

What are the 2 types of protein storage?

A 
Intracellular
-Russell bodies in plasma cells
-Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Extracellular
-Amyloid
-Fibrosis (Scar)
34
Q

What is anthracosis?

A

Carbon pigment

Harmless, around lungs

35
Q

What is calcification?

A

Calcification in wrong places

36
Q

Frostbite is an example of what type of necrosis?

A

Gangrenous necrosis

37
Q

Muscles in a body builder = what?

Brain in dementia pt = ?

Prostatic enlargement = ?

Uterine cervical premalignant change = ?

A

Hypertrophy

Atrophy

Hyperplasia

Dysplasia

38
Q

Tell me the 3 abnormal storage products.

A

Fatty change of liver
-Common and nonspecific

Glycogen accumulation

  • In liver in diabetes
  • Glycogen storage disease
  • Certain tumors

Lipid storage
-In vessels in atherosclerosis

39
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

With ischemia = infarct

Proteins denature and aggregate

Cell outline preserved

40
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Loss of substance (Brain or lung abscess)

Cell outline NOT preserved

41
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Necrosis in fat

42
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Necrotizing granulomas

Combo of liquefactive and ocagulative

Fungal or TB

43
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

Necrosis of whole anatomic area

44
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Ag/Ab complex form in arteries and vessels

45
Q

Tell me about the intrinsic pathway.

A

Bcl-2 (stabilizes mitochondria)

Bax (destabilizes mitochondria)

This leads to cytochrome C leaks from mitochondria

That leads to caspase 9 activation influenced by P53

That leads to caspase 3 cleavage

That leads to caspase cascade

That leads to apoptosis

46
Q

P53 influences caspases. Name them.

A

Caspase 8 activation (Extrinsic pathway)

Caspase 3 cleavage

Caspase 9 activation (Intrinsic)

Host And Defense - Exam 3 (15 decks)

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