Inflammation and Repair Flashcards
1
Q
what is the word for inflammation of the lymph node
A
lymphadenitis
2
Q
what is the name for inflammation of fallopian tubes
A
salpingitis
3
Q
what is the name for inflammation of cornea
A
keratitis
4
Q
what is the name for inflammation of glans penis
A
balantitis
5
Q
what is balantitis seen in
A
reiters syndrome
6
Q
what is the name for inflammation of bladder
A
cystitis
7
Q
what is the name for inflammation of skin
A
dermatitis
8
Q
what is the name for inflammation of nasal mucosa
A
rhinitis
9
Q
what is the name for inflammation of renal glomerulus
A
glomerulonephritis
10
Q
what is the name for inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous gland
A
folliculitis
11
Q
what is the name for inflammation of paranasal sinus
A
sinusitis
12
Q
what is the name for inflammation of renal interstitium
A
pyelonephritis
13
Q
what is the name for inflammation of lips
A
chelitis
14
Q
what is the name for inflammation of ear
A
otitis
15
Q
what is the name for inflammation of ureter
A
urethritis, ureteritis
16
Q
what is the name for inflammation of oral mucosa
A
stomatitis
17
Q
what is the name for inflammation of eyelid
A
blepharitis
18
Q
what is the name for inflammation of gingiva
A
gingivitis
19
Q
what is the name for inflammation of conjunctiva
A
conjunctivitis
20
Q
what is the name for inflammation of prostate
A
prostatitis
21
Q
what is the name for inflammation of periodontium
A
peridontitis
22
Q
what is the name for inflammation of dental pulp
A
pulpitis
23
Q
how is inflammation classified
A
-chronic or acute
- exudative or non-exudative
24
Q
what are the morphologic patterns of inflammation
A
- serous
- fibrinous
- suppurative
-ulcerative
25
describe the pattern of acute inflammation and which cells are involved
- rapid onset, painful, short duration - minutes to days
- emigration of leukocytes, predominately neutrophils
- exudation of fluid and plasma proteins
26
describe the pattern of chronic inflammation and what cells are involved
- longer duration, slow onset
- mononuclear cells- macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
- proliferation of BV and fibroblasts
27
which type of inflammation tends to be more exudative
acute
28
what is non exudative inflammation associated with
chronic inflammation and fibrosis and scarring
29
what are the causes of inflammation
- thermal
- physical
- chemical
- allergic
- immune mediated disease
30
what is the definition of inflammation
the bodys response to injury
31
what is the definition of immunity
comes into play when inflammation is caused by a living organism (infection)
32
infection may provoke _____
inflammation and immunity
33
inflammation may exist without _____
infection
34
what are the 3 lines of defense of the body
- barriers: skin, mucous membranes, secretions
- inflammatory response: cells (leukocytes), and molecules (mediators)
- immune response: antibodies (humoral), cytotoxic T cells (cellular)
35
which lines of defense are non specific
barriers and inflammatory response
36
what line of defense is specific
immune response such as lymphocytes and antibodies
37
where are the components of inflammatory responses found
- circulating blood cells and plasma proteins
- cells of the blood vessel walls
- cells and proteins of the ECM
38
most of the defensive elements are located in ____
the blood
39
inflammation is the means by which _____ leave the _____ and enter _____
defensive cells and chemicals; blood; tissue
40
what are the inflammatory responses to injury
- vascular responses
-cellular responses
- systemic reactions
-repair
41
inflammation is ____. excess or prolonged inflammation may be _____.
beneficial; harmful
42
what is the defensive cells
leukocytes
43
what is the defensive proteins
plasma
44
what are the 5 R's of the inflammatory response
- recognition of the injurious agent
- recruitment of leukocytes
- removal of the agent
- regulation of the response
- resolution
45
what are the causes of acute inflammation
- mechanical injury
- chemical injury
- radiation injury
- thermal injury
- infection
- compromise of blood supply
- immune injury
46
what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation
- calor- heat
= rubor- redness
- tumor - swelling
- dolor- pain
- loss of function
47
what are the cellular events in acute inflammation
- margination
- rolling
- adhesion
- diapedesis
- chemotaxis
- phagocytosis
- killing
48
how is microbial killing done by leukocytes
opsonins attach to the invader and signal leukocytes to phagocytose
49
what are the systemic manifestations of acute inflammation
- fever: due to pyrogens
- leukocytosis
- acute phase response
50
what causes fever
- cytokines: TNF, IL-1 released by leukocytes
- prostaglandins from membrane phospholipids
51
what causes leukocytosis
- leukemoid reaction
- neutrophilia
- lymphocytosis
52
what is the acute phase response
cytokines stimulate hepatocytes to sythnthesize and secrete acute phase proteins
53
what are the elements of the acute phase response and what do they act as
- C- reactice protein (CRP)
- mannose binding lectin
- both act as an opsonin
54
what happens in lymphangitis and when is it seen
- seen with lymphatic spread of bacterial infection
- painful red streaks and regional lymphadenopathy
55
where is histamine stored
mast cells
56
where is serotonin stored
platelets
57
what are the first mediators to be released after injury and what do they cause
histamine and serotonin
- vascular dilation and leakage
58
what are the outcomes of acute inflammation
- complete resolution
- healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis)
- progression of the response to chronic inflammation
59
what is an abscess
a localized collection of pus that has accumulated in a tissue cavity, producing fluctuance
60
what is cellulitis
diffuse spread of an acute inflammatory process through the fascial planes of soft tissue producing erythema, edema, warmth, and pain, without consolidation
61
what is catarrhal (seromucous) inflammation
a clinical type of exudative inflammation occurs only on mucosal surfaces containing mucus secreting cells, such as nasal or bronchial mucosa
62
what type of immunity is affected in neutrophil defects
humoral
63
what diseases stem from too few neutrophils
- granulocytosis
- cyclic neutropenia
64
what diseasess stem from failure in adhesion of neutrophils
leukocyte adhesion deficiency
65
what diseases stem from slow chemotaxis
lazy leukocyte syndrome
66
what disease stem from failure to phagocytose
- bruton's a gamma globulinemia
- complement deficiency
- hyper IgM syndrome
67
what diseases stem from failure to kill by neutrophils
- chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
- chediak higashi syndrome
- myeloperoxidase deficiency
68
what is chediak higashi syndrom
a rare autosomal recessive condition associated with albinism
- giant lysosomal inclusions from fused primary granules
- both chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation are defective
- recurrent infections
- platelet function is abnormal
69
what is chronic granulomatous disease of childhood
- X linked (2/3) or autosomal (1/3) recessive
- deficient NADPH oxidase in the cell membranes of neutrophils and monocytes, resulting in an absent respiratory burst
- no H2O2 produced- HOcl- is not synthesized because of absense of H2O2
- catalase negative organisms are killed like strep
- catalase positive organisms like staph are not killed
70
what is myeloperoxidase deficiency
- a common autosomal recessive absence of myeloperoxidase enzyme in neutrophil and monocyte granules
- respiratory burst is normal and H2O2 is produced
- absense of MPO prevetns sythesis of HOCl-
- no great clinical consequences
- diabetics may develop candidiasis
71
what are causes of chronic inflammation
- persistent infection: mycobacteria
- prolonged exposure to toxic agents
- exogenous: silicosis
- endogenous: atherosclerosis
- immune mediated inflammatory disease
- autoimmune diseases: RA
- unregulated immune responses against microbes- inflammatory bowel disease
- immune reponses against environmental substances - bronchial asthma
72
what are the morphologic features of chronic inflammation
-mononuclear cell infiltration - lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
- tissue destruction: due to persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells
- attempts at healing by CT replacement - angiogenesis and fibrosis
73
what are the types of granulomatous inflammation
immune granulomas
- foreign body granulomas
74
what is granulomatous inflammation
a pattern of chronic inflammation
- aggregated of epithelioid macrophages
- multinucelated giant cells
- mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells peripherally
- fibrosis variabel
75
what does mycobacterium do
blocks fusion of phagosome with lysozome
76
what is granulation tissue
reparative tissue
endothelial cells and fibroblasts
77
what is granulomatous tissue
epithelioid macrophages
- giant cells
78
what is repair
restoration of tisse architecture and function after an injury
79
how can repair occur
by regeneration or healing (scar formation)
80
what is regeneration
growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures
81
what is healing
consists of variable proportions of two distinct processes- regeneration and scarring
82
what are the cell classifications for regeneration
- continuously dividing tissues: labile
- stable tissues: quiescent
- permanent tissues: non dividing
83
what are labile cells derived from
the division of stem cells
84
what are examples of labile cells
- hematopoietic cells
- surface epithelium
- stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina and cervix
- GI epithelium
85
what most common forms of cancer arise from labile tissues
- epidermis- skin cancer
- bronchial mucosa - lung cnacer
- oral mucosa - oral cancer
- cervical mucosa - cervical cancer
- hematopoietic tissue - leukemias
86
what is replacement carried out by in quiescent cells
mitotic division of mature cells
87
what are examples of quiescent tissues
- viscera- kidney and pancreas
- endothelial cells
- fibroblasts
- smooth muscle cels
88
malignant tumors of stable tissues are among the ____ forms of cancer
rarer
89
when were permanent cells generated
during fetal life and never divide in postnatal life
90
what are examples of permanent cells
neurons and cardiac myocytes
91
in permanent issues repair is dominated by _____
scar formation
92
fibrosis occurs if:
- the tissue si intrinsically unable to regenerate - heart or brain
- the underlying connective tissue scaffolding is disrupted
- following extensive exudates
93
what are the objectives of wound healing
- epithelial regeneration: restore integrity of the epithelial surface
- connective tissue repair: restore the tensile strength of the sub- epithelial tissue
94
what is healing by primary intention
occurs when the wound margins are pulled together
95
all wound healing involves an _______ even in the absence of _____
inflammatory reaction; infection
96
what is healing by secondary intention
when the wound margins are not pulled together
97
what is granulation tissue made of
- endothelial cells
- fibroblasts
- myofibroblasts
98
what is a hypertrophic scar
excessive scar formation within the boundaries of the original wound producing a raised scar
99
what is a keloid
excessive scar formation that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound
100
what population of people are prone to keloids
african americans
101
what is vitamin C required for
hydroxylation of proline and lysine
102
what is the disease of too little vitamin C
scurvy
103
