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Pathology I > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

organism capable of causing disease

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2
Q

what does high virulence cause

A

disease in a healthy population

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3
Q

what does low virulence cause

A

disease only in susceptible populations

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4
Q

describe an opportunistic infection

A
  • non pathogenic organism
  • low virulence
  • immunocompromised host
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5
Q

describe mutualism

A
  • interaction between two organisms
  • both organisms benefit
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6
Q

describe commnsalism and give an example

A
  • interaction between two organisms
  • one organism benefits
  • other is neither harmed nor helped
  • ex: C. albicans
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7
Q

how do pathogens injure cells and cause tissue damage

A
  • bind to or enter host cells
  • release endotoxins or exotoxins
  • release enzymes that degrade tissue components
  • damage blood vessels and cause ischemic injury
  • induce host inflammatory and immune responses
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8
Q

what are the general principles of viral infections

A
  • intracellular parasites
  • cell type specific
  • viral latency
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9
Q

what is a virus made off

A

nucleic acid

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10
Q

what are the steps in viral infection and replication

A
  • attach
  • penetrate
  • reproduce
  • assemble
  • release
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11
Q

what are the types of viral infections

A
  • transient infections
  • chronic latent infections
  • chronic productive infections
  • transforming infections
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12
Q

what is an example of a transient infection

A

hepatitis A virus

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13
Q

what is an example of a chronic latent infection

A

herpes simplex virus

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14
Q

what is an example of a chronic productive infection

A

hepatitis B virus

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15
Q

what is an example of a transforming infections

A

Epstein Barr Virus, Human Papilloma Virus

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16
Q

what are the resevoir of human herpes virus

A

humans

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17
Q

what are the periods of HHV

A

latency
- reactivation

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18
Q

what is HHV-1

A

herpes simplex virus Type 1

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19
Q

what is HHV-2

A

herpes simplex virus type 2

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20
Q

what is HHV-3

A

varicella zoster virus

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21
Q

what is HHV-4

A

epstein barr virus

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22
Q

what is HHV-5

A

cytomegalovirus

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23
Q

what is HHV-8

A

Kaposi Sarcoma associated virus

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24
Q

what is the transmission of HSV

A
  • contact with affected individual shedding virus
  • symptomatic active lesions
  • asymptomatic viral shedding
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25
what is another name for HHV -1
-herpes labialis - fever blister - cold sore
26
describe the lesions in HHV-1 and common location
start as vesicles then rupture and turn into ulcers - mostly oral infections
27
where are HSV-2 infections located
mostly genital infections
28
what is a primary infection with herpes simplex virus and what age does it occur with
- initial exposure to virus in an individual without immunity - occurs at young age after physical contact with infected individual
29
what percentage of population of US has antibodies to HSV
80%
30
describe the presentation of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
- flu like illness with fever, malaise, arthralgia, headache - cervical lymphadenopathy
31
what tissues in the oral cavity are affected in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis and primary infection with herpes simplex virus
all tissues in the oral cavity
32
where do recurrent herpes labialis occur and what is the presentation
- anywhere - patient will be sick and have systemic signs
33
where do recurrent intra oral herpes occur and give examples of the tissues it would be on
- on bound down mucosa - on keratinized mucosa - on nonmovable tissues - ex: hard palate and attached gingiva
34
where does the herpes simplex virus stay dormant in its latent phase
trigeminal ganglion
35
what cells are affected by the herpes simplex virus
epithelial cells
36
describe the histopathology of herpes viruses
they all look the same, the clinical presentation is what differs
37
when is herpes gladiatorum spread
in close contact sports like wrestling
38
what is recurrent aphthous stomatitis
- canker sore - focal mucosal destruction - T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic reaction
39
is recurrent aphthous stomatitis an infectious disease
NO
40
what is the presentation of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
yellowish purulent exudate covering the ulcer with a red/erythematous halo surrounding the ulcer
41
what is the evolution of an aphthous ulcer
erythematous macule -> ulceration -> fibrinous membrane
42
what are the precipitating factors for recurrent aphthous stomatitis
- sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) - stress -trauma - allergies - acidic foods/ juices - gluten - endocrine alterations
43
where do recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesions occur
- nonkeratinized mucosa - non bound down mucosa - movable mucosa
44
what are the 3 categories of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
- minor aphthae - major aphthae - herpetiform aphthae
45
how long do recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesions, primary herpes lesions and recurrent herpes
about 2 weeks
46
what lesions have a clinical history of having lesions prior
- minor aphthae - major aphthae - recurrent herpes
47
describe minor aphthae
- recurrent - shallow, painful ulcerations on non keratinized mucosa - solitary or multiple lesions - heals in two weeks
48
describe major aphthae
-larger (greater than 0.5cm) - deeper- may heal with scarring - heal slowly- weeks to months
49
describe herptiform aphthae
- crops of small, shallow, painful ulcers - heal in two weeks - short remissions
50
herpetiform aphthae resembles recurrent intra oral herpes simplex BUT:
- located on non keratinized mucosa - does not begin as vesicles
51
is there a vesicular stage in recurrent herpes? recurrent aphthae?
-yes - no
52
what is the number of lesions in recurrent herpes? recurrent aphthae?
- multiple, confluent - frequently solitary
53
what is the location of recurrent herpes? recurrent aphthae?
- masticatory mucosa (keratinized) - moveable mucosa (nonkeratinized)
54
what systemic diseases are associated with aphthous like lesions
- Behcet's syndrome - Reiter's syndrome - IBS: ulcerative colitis and Chron's Disease - malabsorption syndromes: gluten sensitive enteropathy - cyclic neutropenia - HIV/AIDS
55
what is the primary infectiion with varicella zoster virus
- varicella - chicken pox
56
what is the recurrent infection with varicella zoster virus
- zoster -shingles
57
what cells are seen in varicella zoster virus histology
Tzanck cells
58
describe varicella (chicken pox)
- transmission by inspiration of infected droplets - clinical disease in most individuals - constitutional symptoms - skin lesions begin on face/trunk - vesicles in repeated waves - heal without scarring - can be intra oral
59
where does the varicella (chicken pox) stay dormant
in the spinal ganglion
60
describe herpes zoster (shingles)
- prodrome of pain, paresthesia - unilateral dermatomal involvement
61
what is the clinical presentation of the lesions associated with herpes zoster (shingles)
- vesicles that will rupture -> ulcerations
62
what is the progression of pain in shingles
- prodromal pain - acute pain - chronic pain: post herpetic neuralgia
63
describe epstein barr virus
- herpes virus- HHV-4 - most adults EBV+ - latency - tropism for B lymphocytes - infects epithelial cells of oral mucosa, oropharynx and nasopharynx
64
what are the associations of epstein barr virus with human disease
- infectious mononucleosis - lymphomas- NHL (Burkitt lymphoma) and HL - nasopharyngeal carcinoma - oral hairy leukoplakia
65
what are the clinical features of infectious mononucleosis
- debilitating EBV infection - self limiting - young adults - salivary transmission - fatigue - malaise - lymphadenopathy - fever - sore throat
66
what is the blood test for mono
- increased lymphocytes - atypical lymphocytes called Downey Cells
67
how can infectious mononucleosis affect the oral cavity
can cause necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
68
what are the other laboratory tests for infectious mononucleosis
- heterophile antibody: IgM antibody - induced by EBV infection. binds to Paul-Bunnell antigen of sheep and bovine RBCs. non specific antibody- not specific for EBV - monospot test- detects heterophile antibody - EBV specific testing
69
what is the treatment for infectious mononucleosis
- symptomatic therapy - bed rest, prevent splenic rupture
70
describe oral hairy leukoplakia and where it is found
- epithelial hyperplasia associated with EBV infection - lateral border of tongue - in any immunodeficient state
71
what is hairy tongue
elongation of filiform papilla
72
what is cytomegalovirus
- HHV-5 - most of population affected by age 60 - most CMV infections are asymptomatic
73
what are the stages of cytomegalovirus
- initial infection - latency - reactivation
74
acute infection by cytomegalovirus is similar to:
infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
75
describe the acute infection by cytomegalovirus histology
heterophile antibody negative
76
what are the oral symptoms associated with acute infection by cytomegalovirus
rarely acute sialadenitis with painful swelling and xerostomia
77
what can cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompromised individuals cause
- retinitis: blindness - colitis
78
describe Coxsackie group A
self limited disease that occurs in epidemics of flu like symptoms in young children
79
how is coxsackie group A transmitted
fecal- oral and airbrone
80
describe herpangina and where its found
- constitutional symptoms - begins as small vesicles that rupture and ulcerate - posterior oral cavity and oropharynx
81
describe the lesions of hand foot and mouth disease
vesicular eruption of hands, feet and anterior mouth
82
describe measles (rubeola)
- childhood infection - communicable disease -skin rash - measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) immunization
83
describe the presentation of measles
- koplik spots- intra oral spots - "grains of salt" on an erythematous base - foci of epithelial necrosis
84
describe mumps
-childhood infection - communicable disease -measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) immunization - 30% subclinical infection - prodromal constitutional symptoms - salivary gland swelling and discomfort
85
what are the lab findings in mumps
- elevated serum amylase - released from granules during lysis of acinar cells - specific serologic tests
86
what are the complications of mumps
- rare in young and more common in older individuals - orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, meningitis, thyoiditis, pancreatitis - sterility, hearing loss
87

Pathology I (24 decks)

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