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Pathology I > Immunity I > Flashcards

Immunity I Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunity

A

protection against infections

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2
Q

what is the immune system

A

collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending the body against pathogens

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3
Q

what is a pathogen

A

organism that causes disease

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4
Q

what is the goal of the immune system

A
  • prevent foreign substances from entering the body
  • establish immunocompetence ability of the body to produce a robust immune response following exposure to disease producing agents
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5
Q

what does innate immunity do

A
  • mediates initial protection against infections
  • nonspecific defense
  • rapidly eliminate microbes that enter host tissues
  • eliminate damaged and necrotic cells
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6
Q

what are the nonspecific defenses of the innate immune system

A
  • physical barriers: skin, mucus membrane, nasal hairs, respiratory tract cilia
  • chemical barriers: skin pH, mucous secretions, gastric acids, tears, sweat, saliva
  • effector cells: macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells
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7
Q

what do PAMPs do

A

recognize general microbial patterns through pattern recognition receptors

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8
Q

what do DAMPS do

A

recognize molecules released from damaged or necrotic host cells

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9
Q

what do neutrophils do

A
  • first cell type to respond to most infections: bacterial and fungal
  • short- lived
  • ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, foreign material through phagocytosis
  • may be activated by macrophages
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10
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A
  • thin, membranous cytoplasmic processes
  • present antigens to T cells
  • abundant near epithelium, mucus membranes
  • help shape adaptive immune response
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11
Q

what do macrophages do

A
  • survive in extravascular tissue for long periods
  • ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, foreign material through phagocytosis
  • may present antigens to T cells
  • release cytokines to activate other immune cells
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12
Q

describe natural killer cells and what they dp

A

-capable of rapidly attacking and killing infected cells
- induce cell apoptosis
- release cytokines to activate other immune cells

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13
Q

what is the complement system

A

collection of circulating and membrane associated proteins important in the defense against microbes

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14
Q

what is the classical pathway

A

activated by antibodies that bind to microbes or other antigens -> component of adaptive immunity - humoral

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15
Q

what is the alternate pathway

A

activated when complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces -> component of innate immunity

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16
Q

what is the lectin pathway

A

activated by mannose binding lectin binds to surface glycoproteins on microbes -> component of innate immunity

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17
Q

describe opsonization and phagocytosis

A

C3b coats microbes, promotes binding to phagocytes -> microbes ingested and destroyed

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18
Q

describe inflammation in the complement system

A

C5a and C3b are chemoattractants for leukocytes -> recruit and promote inflammation

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19
Q

describe cell lysis in complement system

A

complement activation concludes with the MAC -> microbial death

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20
Q

what are cytokines

A

soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions

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21
Q

what do cytokines do

A
  • responsible for communication b/w leukocytes and other cells
  • most cytokines function in autocrine and paracrine actions
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22
Q

when are cytokines secreted

A

in response to external stimuli

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23
Q

what immune response is elicited by extracellular bacteria

A

acute inflammatory response and complement

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24
Q

what are intracellular bacteria eliminated by

A

phagocytes

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25
Q

what immune response is elicited by viruses

A

type I interferon, NK cells

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26
Q

what are toll like receptors and what do they do

A
  • plasma membrane and endosomal receptors
  • recognize LPS, viral and bacterial RNA/DNA
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27
Q

what are NOD like receptors and what do they do

A
  • cytosolic receptors
  • recognize necrotic cell products, ion disturbances, microbial products
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28
Q

what are the C- type lectin receptors and what do they do

A
  • plasma membrane
  • recognize fungal polysaccharides
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29
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

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30
Q

where do B cells develop

A

bone marrow

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31
Q

where do T cells develop

A

thymus

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32
Q

what happens in secondary lymphoid organs

A

-sites where adaptive immunity is initiated
- lymphocytes have contact with antigens

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33
Q

what does bone marrow do

A

= produces the cells of the immune system from stem cell precursors

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34
Q

describe the bone marrow

A

soft, spongy tissue in the medullary cavity of bones

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35
Q

describe what happens int the thymus

A

-lymphatic organ responsible for the matruation and specializiation of white blood cells called T lymphocytes
- after maturation, T lymphocytes enter bloodstream and travel to secondary lymphatic sites
- involutes with age

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36
Q

what is in waldeyers ring

A
  • pharyngeal tonsils
  • tubal tonsil
  • palatine tonsil
  • lingual tonsil
37
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

innate immunity

38
Q

describe innate immunity

A

-develops quickly
- rapidly reacts against infectious pathogens
- no memory

39
Q

describe adaptive immunity

A
  • specialized immunity
  • develops more slowly
  • mediates an effective defense against infections
  • memory for future encounters
40
Q

what does adaptive immunity recognize

A

diverse foreign substancesh

41
Q

when is adpative immunity triggered

A

when microbes pass through epithelial barriers, recognized by lymphocytes in lymphoid organs

42
Q

what is an antigen

A

substance that can induce an immune response

43
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

mediated antibodies produced by B lymphocytes

44
Q

what is cell mediated immunity

A

mediated by T lymphocytes

45
Q

what produces antibodies

A

B cells

46
Q

what do antibodies do

A
  • neutralize and eliminate microbes and microbial toxins
  • prevent infections from being established
  • secreted into circulation and mucosal fluids
47
Q

what makes up 10-20% of circulating peripheral lymphocyte population

A

B lymphocytes

48
Q

what do B lymphocytes recognize

A

-antigens through membrane bound IgM
- chemical structures: soluble or cell associated proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, small chemicals

49
Q

what do B lymphocytes differentiate into

A

plasma cells after stimulation

50
Q

what are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

51
Q

describe IgG and what it does

A
  • most abundant antibody
  • found in blood and serum
  • efficiently opsonizes pathogens
  • can cross placenta
52
Q

what are the four subclasses of IgG

A

IgGI, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

53
Q

describe IgA and what it does

A
  • most commonly observed in mucous membrane secretions
  • forms dimer when secreted
  • neutralizing AB
54
Q

describe IgM and what it does

A
  • largest antibody
  • first antibody produced in response to antigen
  • most efficient antibody to activate complement
55
Q

describe IgE and what it does

A

-functions against helminth infections
- mediated allergic reactions (hypersensitivity type I)
- least common antibody

56
Q

describe IgD and what it does

A
  • function unknown
  • may play role in B cell activation
  • not secreted
57
Q

when does rearrangement and assembly of gene segments in antibodies occur

A

during B cell development

58
Q

describe antibody switching

A
  • IgM and IgD are present as membrane bound antibodies
  • B cells may produce AB of other classes
59
Q

when does antibody class switching occur

A

after stimulated by antigen and CD4 T helper cells

60
Q

in antibody class switching the B cell still maintains its antigen specificity though _______ switched

A

heavy chain

61
Q

what does antibody class switching do

A

broadens the functional capabilities of humoral immunity

62
Q

second exposure to antigen activates ______

A

memory B cells

63
Q

what are memory B cells

A

generated after primary response to respond to antigen in future

64
Q

how long to memory B cells circulate for

A

years after infection

65
Q

describe memory B cells

A

-a fraction of activated B cells become memory cells
-circulate in the blood lymphoid organs
- do not actively secrete antibodies
- rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells upon re exposure

66
Q

what is the goal of vaccination

A
  • to stimulate protective adaptive immune responses against microbes
  • introduce non pathogenic forms of microbesw
67
Q

what are some types of vaccines

A

inactivated vaccines
- live-attenuated vaccines
- mRNA vaccine

68
Q

what is active immunity

A
  • antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen
69
Q

what is natural active immmunity

A

individual with infectious disease

70
Q

what is artificial active immunity

A

vaccination- attenuated virus or bacteria

71
Q

what immunity does active immunity provide

A

long term immunity through memory cells

72
Q

what is passive immunity

A

antibodies derived from another source

73
Q

what is an example of passive immunity

A
  • maternal antibodies transferred across placenta to fetus
74
Q

what type of immunity does passive immunity provide

A
  • short term but no memory cells produced
75
Q

what does cell mediated immunity do and what is it mediated by

A
  • combats infections by intracellular microbes
  • mediated by T lymphocytes
76
Q

what are the types of intracellular pathoens

A
  • microbes ingested by phagocytes - some may resist microbicidal activity
  • viruses- able to infect and replicate in cytoplasm of host cells
77
Q

describe cell mediated sequence

A

-APCs travel to lymphoid tissues and present antigen via MHC
- T cels are activated, proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory cells
- T cells migrate to site of infection and initiate response with CD4 or CD8
- some actviated T cells remain in lymph tissues - B cells producing ABs or become memory T cells

78
Q

where are MHC genes locatde

A

polymorphic genes on chromosome 6

79
Q

what is the antigen for MHC

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

80
Q

what do MHCs do

A
  • display peptide antigens for recognition by T lymphocytes
    -help cells recognize between self and non self
81
Q

where are MHC class I cells found and what are they recognized by

A

found on all nucleated cells
-recognized by CD8 T cells

82
Q

where are MHC Class II cells found and what are they recognized by

A

found on APC surfaces and recognized by CD4 T cellsw

83
Q

what are the APC cells

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

84
Q

describe CD4 helper T cells

A
  • become effector cells in response to antigen
  • APC presents antigen via MHC II
  • will release cytokines to activate other cells
  • clonal expansion of CD4 T cells
85
Q

what do CD8 T cells do

A
  • become effector cells in response to antigen
  • APC presents antigen on MHC I
  • will release enzymes to kill infected cells
86
Q

where are memory cells found

A

lymphoid organs, mucosal tissue and circulation

87
Q

what are central memory cells

A

rapid clonal expansion after re exposure

88
Q

describe the decline of the immune response

A
  • immune responses are self limited
  • effector lymphocytes die by apoptosis after microbe is eliminated
  • allows system to return to resting state
89
Q
A

Pathology I (24 decks)

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