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Pathology I > Cell Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells adapt to stress

A

-hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia

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2
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number

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3
Q

where does hypertrophy usually only occur

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

what does hypertrophied cardiac muscle look like

A

increased size between fascicles and blood supply is further away from fascicles

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5
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells

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6
Q

what are examples of physiologic hyperplasia

A

erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude
- cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during menstrual cycle
- regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision

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7
Q

what is an example of pathologic hyperplasia

A

epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus

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8
Q

what are examples in which hyperplasia is combined with hypertrophy

A
  • enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number but also in size
  • in benign prostatic enlargement there is both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prostatic glands and smooth muscle
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9
Q

what is a papilloma formed due to

A

epithelial hyperplasia

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10
Q

what are pyogenic granulomas formed due to

A

endothelial hyperplasia

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11
Q

what are fibromas formed due to

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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12
Q

what is epulis fissuratum formed due to

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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13
Q

what is inflammatory papillary hyperplasia formed due to

A

epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia

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14
Q

what is sub pontic osseous hyperplasia formed due to

A

osseous hyperplasia

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15
Q

what are exostoses formed due to

A

osseous hyperplasia

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16
Q

what is gingival enlargement due to

A

hyperplasia

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17
Q

when is epulis fissuratum seen

A

in denture patients with ill fitting dentures

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18
Q

when is inflammatroy papillary hyperplasia seen

A

in denture patients with ill fitting dentures

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19
Q

when is sub pontic osseous hyperplasia seen

A

in bridge cases on the tooth that has the bridge over it

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20
Q

what is gingival hyperplasia due to

A
  • poor oral hygiene
  • DM
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21
Q

what does cyclosporin do and what is its side effect

A
  • causes gingival enlargement
  • immunosuppressant
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22
Q

what does procardia do and what is its side effect

A

-hypertensive medication- calcium channel blocker
causes drug induced gingival enlargement

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23
Q

what does dilantin do and what is its side effect

A
  • treats seizures
  • causes gingival enlargement
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24
Q

what disorders cause gingival enlargement

A
  • leukemic infiltrates
  • amyloid infiltration
  • kippel- Trenaunay Weber syndrome
  • juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
  • cowden syndrome
  • wegener granulomatosis
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25
what is condylar hyperplasia
idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle - can cause open bite
26
how does a hyperplastic dental follicle present on an xray
pericoronal radiolucency
27
what causes gynecomastia - hyperplasis of male breast
- seen in puberty - ketoconazole (anti fungal agent) - lytic tumir - pituitary gland tumor - testes tumor
28
what is atrophy
reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs
29
what are examples of pathologic atrophy
atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation - atrophy of the brain due to ischemia
30
what are examples of physiologic atrophy
atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy - involution of the thymus in early adult life
31
pathologic atrophy results from:
- disuse - denervation - lack of trophic hormones - ischemia - malnutrition - idiopathic - parrry -romberg syndrome
32
what happens in parry romberg syndrome
progressive hemifacial atrophy
33
what is metaplasia
replacement of one mature cell type by another one - changes to a tougher cell type
34
what is the metaplasia example in smokers
replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium
35
what is an example of metaplasia in acid reflux
intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus called Barrett esophagus is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in GI reflux
36
metaplasia is generally _____ and the tissue ______ after the irritant is removed
reversible; reverts to normal
37
if the irritant persists, metaplasia may progress to:
dysplasia
38
where is necrotizing sialometaplasia seen
on hard palate, bi laterally or unilaterally
39
what two mechanisms do cells use to respond to non lethal injury
adaptive and non adaptivr
40
what are examples of adaptive mechanisms
- hyperplasia is an increase in cell numbers - hypertrophy is an increase in cell size - atrophy is the reduction in cell size - metaplasia is a change to tougher cell type
41
what are examples of non adaptive mechanisms
agenesis - aplasia - hypoplasia
42
what is an example of agenesis
congenitally missing teeth
43
what is hypoplasia
the incomplete development of an organ
44
what happens in treacher collins syndrome
hypoplastic mandible
45
what happens in pierre robin syndrome
aplasia/hypoplasia
46
what is regional odontodysplasia and what is the disease classified as
aplasia/hypoplasia - idiopathic - "ghost teeth" in a section of the jaw
47
what are "ghost teeth" in a section of the jaw pathognomonic for
regional odontodysplasia
48
what does dysplasia mean
abnormal formation
49
what does ectodermal dysplasia affect
things that derive from ectoderm -> nails, hair, sweat glands
50
how does fibro- osseous dysplasia present on a radiograph
radiolucent and radiopaque periapical lesion
51
what is enlargment of the mandible caused by
fibrous dysplasia
52
what does dentin dysplasia type I affect
- altered growth of dentin - affects radicular dentin
53
what are the two types of cell death
necrosis and apoptosis
54
what is an example of a reversible change
fatty change in liver
55
what are examples of irreversible changes
necrosis apoptosis
56
what is pyknosis
a small dark and shrunken nucleus
57
what is karyorrhexis
nuclear fragmentation
58
what is karyolysis
dissolution of the nucleus
59
where is coagulative necrosis seen
hypoxic injury - MI
60
when in liquefactive necrosis seen
in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct
61
when is caseous necrosis seen
tuberculosis
62
when is fat necrosis seen
acute pancreatitis
63
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death occurring through activation of an internal suicide program
64
what controls apoptosis
caspases
65
what does apoptosis do
selectively eliminates unwanted cells with minimal disturbance to the surrounding cells
66
what is the process of apoptosis
- the plasma membrane remains intact but its structure is altered so that it becomes a target for phagocytosis - the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore does not elicit an inflammatory reaction
67
what is physiologic apoptosis
- programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis - hormone dependent involution of tissues in the adult - deletion of potenially harmful self reactinve lymphocytes - cell death induced by CTLs
68
what are pathologic apoptosis examples
- if DNA repair mechanisms cant cope with damage the cells kills iteself - cell death in certain viral infections - pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction - cell death tumors
69
what are exogenous pigments
-carbon- anthracosis - tatooing- skin and mucosal tissues (amalgam tatto)w
70
what are endogenous pigments
- lipofuscin - melanin - hemosiderin - bilirubin
71
what is pathologic calcification
abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues
72
where does dystrophic calcification occur
in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels
73
where does metastatic calcification occur
in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcium
74

Pathology I (24 decks)

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