inflammation

Question 1

fibrinogen

Answer 1

• plasma protein in exudates that polymerize in extravascular tissues to form fibrin
• polymerized fibrin fonfines to stimulus to an isolated area, preventing its movement into adjacent tissue
• provides leukocytes with a well-defined target for migration during the cellular phase of the acute inflammatory response
• chemotactic properties
• blood clotting

Question 2

leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 2

activate R and molecules on neutrophils that result in neutrophil

1. movement and attachment to luminal surface of capillaires and venules
2. migration through the IC junction formed by gaps
3. migration with the exudate up the concentration gradient to the source of injury

Question 3

chemotatic gradient

Answer 3

greatst concentration of chemottractant exists nearest microbes or foreign material

creats a pathway for leukocytes to follow to reach the site of tissue injury

Question 4

Vasoactive amine

Answer 4

histamine

serotonin

Bradykinin: produced during vascular or endothelial cell injury, cause change in the caliber of the vessels

Question 5

Anaphylactoid reaction, and its stimulator/regulator

Answer 5

1. 定義: 不需要透過IgE就能引發type1 hypersensitivity reaction，可以直接活化mast cell、basophil，導致它們釋放granule。
2. 刺激、調控因子
   
   1. Cytokine (IL-8)
   2. complement products (anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a)
   3. drugs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, codeine, and morphine)
   4. physical stimuli (冷、熱、創傷)

其中最重要的為C3a和C5a，會不斷地出現在過敏反應中，像是一個快捷鍵，一出現就會產生免疫反應

Question 6

C3a, C5a

Answer 6

anaphylatoxin: can attract the neutrophils to the tissue, promoting inflmmatory response

take parts in hypersensitivities II, III

Question 7

Arthus Reaction

Answer 7

Localised Type III Hypersensitivity

1. 針劑注射打入抗原 （parental administration）
2. 產生immune complex活化補體
3. 產生C3a、C5a
   
   1. 刺激mast cell activation à release of vasoactive amines à Increase vascular permeability
   2. 吸引neutrophil過來釋放lytic enzymes
4. 局部區域tissue and vascular damage by proteolytic enzyme and free radical

Question 8

hapten

Answer 8

relatively small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein

Question 9

Epitope spreading

Answer 9

1. 一個抗原有很多個epitope，可能一個epitope被辨識時其他位置還沒有，所以會造成一直持續的免疫反應產生。(陸陸續續辨識)

Question 10

Moleular mimicry

Answer 10

特定外來抗原（specific foreign antigen）長的很像自己身體裡面的抗原，被self-reactive T cell辨認

Question 11

cryptic epitipe

Answer 11

為被隱藏起來的epitope，當抗原被分解之後暴露出的epitope

Question 12

Cytokines activating Th1 and Th2 respectively

Answer 12

IL-4 –> Th1 activation –> macrophage –> cell-mediated

IL-12 –> Th2 activation –> antibody –> humoral

Question 13

Severe combined immunodisease (SCID) in horse

Answer 13

1. 常見於Arabian or Arabian-cross breed
2. 原因：Autosomal recessive disorder
   
   • encoding gene located on chromosome 9出現spontaneous mutation
     
     • catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs)
3. 導致：
   
   • 抗體heavy chain和TCR無法結合，因此無法活化T cell。
   • DNA repair mechanisms受損，增加馬得到癌症的機率。
4. 5. T cell和B cell沒辦產生功能、血檢時會發現嚴重的lymphopenia(淋巴細胞減少)，造成agammaglobulinemia(一種低免疫球蛋白血症)。
5. 通常胸腺會變小，可能偵測不到。
6. 易感染到特定比較刺激的病原(若馬感染到這些病原，就要注意是不是有免疫抑制的情形)。

Question 14

1. SCID in Dogs

Answer 14

1. 原因：基因突變導致stop codon出現，轉譯時轉到那就會停止，所以會製造出不完整的蛋白，有些功能就會缺乏。
2. 導致：
   
   • cytokine receptor的common gamma subunit有缺陷，最後造成T lymphocyte、B lymphocyte無法活化。
3. 皮膚、呼吸道、消化道會出現臨床症狀(6-8週)，因為受到母乳中的移型抗體保護。
4. 當T lymphocyte無法被活化時，抗體產生也會被影響，造成Hypogammaglobulinemia(一種低免疫球蛋白血症)，IgG and IgA的量也明顯下降
5. 動物通常最後會死於敗血症或全身性病毒感染
6. Lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches,甚至是thymus都會萎縮
7. 左圖：正常動物胸腺分成皮質髓質，且充滿lymphocyte。
   右圖：患有SCID的動物的胸腺lymphocyte數量大量減少，epithelium結構變得比較明顯。(原本lymphocyte會把他蓋住)。