circulatory and hemodynamic disorder

Question 1

infarction

Answer 1

area of necrosis secondary to decreased blood flow

Question 2

type of necrosis due to ischemic cell injury in spinal cord

Answer 2

liquefactive necrosis

Question 3

type of necrosis due to ischemic cell injury in spleen

Answer 3

coagulative necrosis

Question 4

ischemic necrosis near extremities

Answer 4

gangrene necrosis

Question 5

Warfarin intoxification

Answer 5

• 老鼠藥 - antagonist of vitamin K –> Vit. K deficiency：導致降低activation of coagulative factor II, VII, IX, X
• Similar example - Sweet clover poisoning：一種黴菌毒素，為維他命Ｋ的拮抗劑=antagonist

Question 6

Shock

Answer 6

Compensated stage: 1. sympathetic stimulation –> tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, oriuria Progressive stage Clinical progression: 低血壓Hypotension→心跳過速Tachycardia→呼吸急促Tachypnea→身體冰冷發紺Warm skin to cool skin to cyanosis→寡尿Renal insufficiency oriurea→失去意識Obtundance→死亡Death

Question 7

glomerulopathies

Answer 7

set of disease restricted to glomerulus without inflammation - reduce Osm pressure in vessels

Question 8

FIP mechanism in causing edema

Answer 8

• increase vascular permeabilit

Question 9

Liver cirhosis mechanism in causing edema

Answer 9

• increase HP - decrease OP (by syntheising fewer albumin proteins)

Question 10

External pressure (egtumor compression/mass) mechanism in causing edema

Answer 10

lymphatic obstruction increase HP

Question 11

Congestive heart failure mechanism in causing edema

Answer 11

increase HP ** sodium retention: as compensation for the lower blood pressure, activating renin, angiotensin, aldosterone

Question 12

Edema by Ecoli mechanism in causing edema

Answer 12

increase vascular permeability

Question 13

REnal amyloidosis mechanism in causing edema

Answer 13

proteinuria–> OP falls

Question 14

Brisket Edema by how

Answer 14

HP increases

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

Embolus

Answer 16

blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel

Question 17

Hyaline cast

Answer 17

Proteins in lumen of renal tubules in proteinuria

Question 18

Fribrinoid change

Answer 18

result of deposition of Immuoglobin, complement, plasma, fribrin in the wall of the vessel

Question 19

血栓

Answer 19

• 型態與色澤跟血液的流速有關
• 靜脈血栓紅色：阻塞性栓塞

白相間：

Question 20

infarction in kidney usually at where?

Answer 20

arcuate artery 弓狀動脈

Question 21

動脈血栓

Answer 21

• white thrombus
• line of Zahn: alternate platelet and fibrin

Question 22

In what condition would 脂肪栓子 occurs>

Answer 22

原因為長骨骨折穿刺血管使長骨內脂肪細胞隨血行

創傷性骨折

Question 23

Shock

Answer 23

1. 多重器官衰竭Multiple organs failure
2. 肺臟與腸道最容易水腫、出血Lung and intestine: edema, congestion, hemorrhage
3. 心內膜刷狀出血 sub-endocardial hemorrhage 因為心內膜激烈跳動，因此出血
4. 腎臟上皮細胞壞死 Acute renal tubular necrosis
5. 胃腸出血 GI mucosal hemorrhage
6. DAD diffuse alveolar damage in lung
7. 肝臟壞死 Liver necrosis
8. DIC

Question 24

以下哪個是後天性所引致的凝血不全？

1. Sweet clover poisoning
2. Vitamin K deficiency
3. Warfarin
4. Hypophilia 血友症

Answer 24

4. Hypophilia 血友症
   - 先天性血小板不足所引致的
   - Thrombocytopenic purpura（血小板減少紫瘢病），因為血小板變少使初級止血小栓不足，容易小碰傷就到處紫紅斑

Question 25

白容比跟血栓會有關系嗎？

Answer 25

沒有

Question 26

Consumptive coagulopathy

Answer 26

體內臟器的微血管把血小板、凝血因子都用掉，所以導致臨床徵狀反而是看到身體各處、多處皮下出血(hemorrhagic diathesis)。