Inflammation

Question 1

What are the non-lymphatic leukocytes?

Answer 1

granular leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Monocytes that mature when in tissue to become macrophages

Question 2

What is a foreign body giant?

Answer 2

When macrophages fuse together to engulf larger particles

Question 3

How do cells migrate within the human body?

Answer 3

Its called Chemotaxis and the mechanism for this migration is along a chemical gradient
actin and integrin work together to move the cell along ECM, it all happens very quickly
the end of the actin at the front polymerises and the end at the back depolymerises

Question 4

What are the chemoattractants?

Answer 4

Coagulation chemicals

Question 5

What is Opsonization?

Answer 5

where bacteria are marked by an antibody and then attacked by a phagocyte (macrophage and neutrophil)

Question 6

What are the steps of phagocytosis? There are 5 steps

Answer 6

1. The bacteria is engulfed by the macrophage
2. The macrophage creates a pouch around the bacteria which is acidic inside which kills the microorganism
3. Metabolic burst - glucose metabolism increases and oxygen consumption which leads to heat in the tissue
4. superoxide anions and water are formed by oxidising
5. remaining material is digested

Question 7

What happens if a particle is indigestible? and what kind of particles are indigestible?

Answer 7

Asbestos and silica are indigestible. The phagocyte would die and the particle would be re-released back into the body. It leads to an aggravated immune response because and reduction in the number of macrophages. Chemical products released by dying macrophages stimulate fibroblast proliferation which leads to an increase of collagenous tissue
also cancer

Question 8

What is the second line of defence for inflammatory response?

Answer 8

neutrophils that come from the bloodstream. Chemical signals released when a tissue is damaged leads to an increase in the cell to cell adhesion and causes the endothelial cells of the blood vessel to pull closer together causing a gap at some point. The same chemicals increase the number of adhesion receptors on the neutrophil which causes them to slow down and roll out of the blood vessel when there is a gap.

Question 9

What is the third line of defence in the inflammatory system?

Answer 9

Monocytes migrate out of the blood in a similar manner to the neutrophils and once in the tissue mature into macrophages

Question 10

the fourth line of defence in the inflammatory system?

Answer 10

the upregulation of production monocytes in the bone marrow

Question 11

What is the physiological explanation of redness?

Answer 11

the large number of slow-moving red blood cells due to vasoconstriction

Question 12

what is the physiological explanation of heat?

Answer 12

increased blood volume and the heat released from the metabolic burst section of the macrophage injestion

Question 13

What is the physiological explanation of swelling?

Answer 13

increased diapedesis

Question 14

what is diapedesis?

Answer 14

how cells leave the blood vessel

Question 15

what is the pysiological explanation of pain?

Answer 15

nerve cells on the outer layer of the blood vessels become activated in these process and therefore there is pain.

Question 16

What happens in infection?

Answer 16

the phagocytes die and then pus is produced

Question 17

What is an abscess?

Answer 17

when the pus produced in infection isn’t cleared up by the neutrophils and monocytes and a fibrous tissue forms around it. This can cause problems if it is deep within the body

Question 18

What type of infection is the largest concern for biomaterials?

Answer 18

deep late infection, it is hard to treat and often means that the bacteria was at another site and got into the bloodstream and was transported to that area of the body