Inflammation

Question 1

Acute vs. Chronic: timing

Answer 1

Acute: immediate
Chronic: persistent

Question 2

Acute vs. Chronic: onset

Answer 2

Acute: rapid
Chronic: slow

Question 3

Acute vs. Chronic: type of immunity

Answer 3

Acute: innate
Chronic: cell-mediated

Question 4

Acute vs. Chronic: cell predominance

Answer 4

Acute: neutrophils (PMNs)
Chronic: mononuclear cells; lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes

Question 5

Acute vs. Chronic: duration

Answer 5

Acute: hours-weeks
Chronic: weeks-years

Question 6

Acute vs. Chronic: vascular response

Answer 6

Acute: prominent
Chronic: less prominent

Question 7

Causes of acute inflammation

Answer 7

1. Microbial infections
2. Tissue necrosis
3. Physical agents
4. Chemical irritants
5. Immune-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 8

Causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 8

1. Persistent tissue injury and acute inflammation
2. Microorganisms resistant to phagocytosis or intracellular killing
3. Foreign bodies
4. Autoimmune disorders
5. Primary granulomatous diseases (Crohn’s disease)

Question 9

Outcomes of inflammation

Answer 9

1. localizes or eliminates cause of injury
2. removes injured tissue components
3. leads to repair

Question 10

Classic Signs of Acute Inflammation

Answer 10

Rubor, Tumor, Calor, Dolor, Functio Laesa

Question 11

Vasoactive Mediators of Edema: two categories

Answer 11

1. Plasma derived

2. Cell-derived

Question 12

Plasma-derived vasoactive mediators of edema

Answer 12

1. Fibrin split products
2. Kinins (bradykinins)
3. C3a, C5a

Question 13

Cell-derived vasoactive mediators of edema

Answer 13

1. Histamine
2. Serotonin
3. platelet-activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes (from inflammatory cells)
4. Nitric oxide, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins (from endothelium)

Question 14

Mechanism of phagocytosis and cell killing

Answer 14

1. C3b and Fc on bacterium bind with receptors on PMN
2. phagosome forms
3. degranulation + NADPH oxidase activation
4. Bacterial killing and digestion

Question 15

Phagocytic Cell Respiratory or Oxidative Burst: Order of Events

Answer 15

1. Molecular oxygen reduced by NADPH oxidase produces superoxide anion (O2-)
2. Generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with superoxide dismutase (SOD)
3. H202 produces HOCl or hydroxyl radical (attacks DNA)

Question 16

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Answer 16

Results from an inability of phagocytes to produce bactericidal superoxide anions (O2-)

can kill catalase neg microorganisms (produce H202), cannot kill catalase pos

Question 17

Leukocyte migration out of vessel

Answer 17

1. rolling
2. integrin activation by chemokines
3. stable adhesion
4. migration through endothelium