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Immunology (M1) > Host Barriers > Flashcards

Host Barriers Flashcards

1
Q

Physical anatomical barriers

A

Skin and Mucosa

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2
Q

Skin: physical/mechanical barrier

A
  1. Closely connected cells with cross-linked keratin 2. High turnover rate 3. Prevents evaporation
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3
Q

Skin: chemical agents

A

Antimicrobial agents 1. Cathelicidins 2. Defensins 3. Dermicidin Acidic pH

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4
Q

Skin: normal flora

A

Commensals; do no harm, sometimes benefit

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5
Q

Langerhans cells, derivation, and function

A

Dendritic cells among keratinocytes Derived from bone marrow Function: APC in immune responses to contact antigens and some skin grafts

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6
Q

Birbeck granules

A

rod-shaped organelles in Langerhans cells

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7
Q

Mucous membrane organization

A
  1. Mucosa
    • epithelium
    • lamina propria (loose CT w/ glands)
    • muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
  2. Submucosa
    • dense, irregular CT
  3. Muscularis externa
    • inner/outer smooth muscle
  4. External layer
    • Adventitia (loose CT)
    • Serosa (loose CT w/ mesothelial lining)
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8
Q

Four types of intercellular junctions

A
  1. Tight junction
  2. Zona adherens
  3. Desmosome
  4. Gap junction
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9
Q

Tight junction

A
  • An occludens junction, composed of claudins and occludins
  • Prevents leaking and movement of membrane proteins
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10
Q

Zonula adherens

A
  • An adherens junction, composed of cadherins
  • Binds to actin of terminal web (cytoskeleton)
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11
Q

Desmosome

A
  • An adherens junction composed of desmoplakins and plakoglobins
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12
Q

Gap junction

A
  • A communicating junction composed of connexins
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13
Q

Hemidesmosome

A
  • An adherens junction, connects the cell to the basement membrane
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14
Q

Intercellular junction image

A
  1. tight junction
  2. zona adherens
  3. desmosome

H. hemidesmosome

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15
Q

Mucosal immunity in Intestine

A
  1. Epithelial products
    • acidic pH, pancreatic enzymes, bile, intestinal secretions, mucus
  2. Antimicrobial factors
    • lysozyme from Paneth cells in small intestine
  3. Normal flora
  4. Lymphoid tissue
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16
Q

Mucosal Immunity in Intestine: Antigen process

A
  1. antigens in gut lumen are bound by M cells and undergo transcytosis into their intraepithelial pockets
  2. dendritic cells take up antigen, process it, present to helper t-cells
  3. B lymphocytes stimulated to differentiate into plasma cells -> secrete IgA
  4. IgA transported to gut lumen, binds to antigen on microorganism curface, neutralize
17
Q

Mucosal immunity in oral cavity

A
  1. Epithelium
    • physical barrier
    • langerhans cells & lymphocytes
  2. Lamina propria
    • macrophages and dendritic cells (Ag uptake by dendrites)
18
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A
  • Acantholytic disorder in persons 30-60, can be fatal
  • Formation of severe intraepidermal bullae starting in oral cavity and spreading to skin
  • Autoimmune attack of desmosomes
19
Q

Bullous pemphigoid

A
  • Resembles pemphigus vulgaris but is much less severe
  • Subepidermal bullae with inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils
  • Autoimmune attack of hemidesmosomes
20
Q

Two forms of diffuse lymphoid tissue

A
  1. Loose clusters of lymphoid cells
  2. Lymphoid nodules

Located in mucosa

21
Q

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) categories

A
  1. GALT = gut-associated lymphoid tissue
  2. BALT = bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (includes trachea)
  3. NALT = nose-associated lymphoid tissue
  4. VALT = vulvovaginal lymphoid tissue
22
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the ileum

23
Q

Respiratory tract host barriers

A
  1. Mucus clearance
    • secretion of mucins and proteins + water + beating cilia + sneezing/coughing (sometimes)
  2. Protective antimicrobial factors
    • antioxidants
    • defensins
    • lactoferrins
    • lysozymes
24
Q

Vagina host barriers

A
  1. epithelium secretes glycogen
  2. normal flora convert glycogen to lactic acid –> acidic environment
    • antimicrobial factors (biochemical barrier)
25
Q

Urinary tract host barriers

A
  1. Sterile urine - bactericidal due to pH & urea
  2. Tamm-horsfall protein –> binds bacteria, prevents attachment to lining
  3. Frequent urination
  4. Longer male urethra
26
Q

Eye host barriers

A
  1. Blinking
  2. Lacrimal glands/tears
  3. Meibomian glands (on eyelid- oil layer)
  4. Ciliary gland (apocrine sweat glands on eyelid)
  5. Bacteriostatic/cidal tear film
    • lysozyme in tears
    • bathing of eyes clears foreign substances

Immunology (M1) (11 decks)

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