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7 PATH 1 > INFLAMMATION > Flashcards

INFLAMMATION Flashcards

1
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

A biological reaction in response to a foreign invader.

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2
Q

What 5 signs must be present within every inflammatory reaction?

A

1) Rubor
2) Calor
3) Tumor
4) Dolor
5) Function Laesa

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3
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

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4
Q

Calor

A

Heat

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5
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

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6
Q

Dolor

A

Pain

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7
Q

Function Laesa

A

Loss of function, introduced later by Dr. Galen

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8
Q

What is called a “sphincter” in regards to arterioles?

A

Arterioles from an artery end in a splinter which connects with a capillary bed. Where they meet is called a “sphincter.”

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9
Q

Where is the only place where blood exchange occurs?

A

Capillary Bed

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10
Q

Where does inflammation develop?

A

(Postcapillary venues come after capillary bed and end in veins). Where the capillary bed and post capillary venules meet is where Inflammation occurs

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11
Q

What does the capillary bed consist of?

A

Basement membrane in the outer most part composed of endothelial cells.

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12
Q

Endothelial cells line the inner surface of ______

A

Capillaries and Blood vessels

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13
Q

What covers the lumen?

A

Endothelial cells

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14
Q

What essentially are pinocytic vessels?

A

2 Adjacent endothelial cells have Gaps, we can see open channels through which nutrients and ions cross the wall of the capillary

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15
Q

Capillary exchange occurs due to what 2 forces?

A

Hydrostatic and Osmotic forces

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16
Q

What pulls the fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue? (arterial end)

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure and tissue osmotic pressure

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17
Q

What pressures pull fluid INTO the capillary (venular end)?

A

Tissue hydrostatic, and blood osmotic pressure

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18
Q

Decreased blood osmotic pressure will cause _____ to happen?

A

Excessive fluid to come out of the capillary causing edema and inflammation.

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19
Q

What is the beginning and end of “Hydrostatic pressure?”

A

Beginning from blood to tissue and ends from tissue to blood

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20
Q

Describe where pressure is highest in Hydrostatic pressure:

A

Blood pressure is higher in beginning vs the end, this is the “driving” hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

4 basic causes of Inflammation:

A

1) Increased HcP - more water gets out
2) Decrease in plasma proteins (albumin) - OPc decreases which keeps water in the tissue
3) Increase permeability of the capillary (endothelial retraction)
4) Blockage of Lymphatic return

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22
Q

What are the 2 components to inflammation?

A

Vascular and Cellular

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23
Q

What is the vascular component of inflammation?

A

Hyperemia: Increased blood flow.

Increased permeability of blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the cellular component of inflammation?

A

Blood cells that flow into the site of inflammation

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25
Can Avascular tissues be inflamed?
NO. Both components of inflammation involve vessels and blood cells, therefore Avascular tissues CANNOT be inflamed
26
What is Chondroitis?
Inflammation of tissues SURROUNDING the cartilage, not the actual cartilage itself because the cartilage is Avascular
27
What is Exudate?
Refers to the inflammatory fluid at the site of inflammation.
28
What is the leakage of the fluid portion of the blood into the tissues as a result of tissue damage?
Exudate
29
What is the appearance of exudate?
Protein rich fluid, cloudy fluid appearance
30
What are present in exudate?
Plasma cells, WBC's, and sometimes microorganism are present
31
What is specific gravity of Exudate?
1.020 (normal is 1)
32
What is the "space for healing the damaged tissue?"
Exudate
33
What is Transudate?
It refers to the perfusion of normal fluid portion of the blood into tissues.
34
What is a normal process of fluid accumulation in tissues due to hydrostatic and osmotic pressure imbalances (osmosis)?
Transudate
35
Is transudate non-inflammatory?
YES
36
What is the appearance of transudate?
Not protein rich, clear fluid appearance
37
What is the specific gravity of Transudate?
1.012 (LIGHTER than exudate)
38
In what conditions would you see transudate?
Liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and Left ventricular failure
39
What is the main difference between exudate and Transudate?
RATE of fluid flow
40
What is hyperemia?
Increased blood flow
41
What happens during hyperemia?
Vasoconstriction followed immediately by vasodilation (hyperemia)
42
What does hyperemia cause?
Passive enlargement of capillaries, up to 20-30% larger than normal due to passive increase in blood hydrostatic pressure
43
What is stasis?
The slowing of blood flow causing blood flow to stop due to increased viscosity (the fluid portion filtering out and protein staying put towards end of capillaries)
44
What is "Filtration" in regard to Hyperemia?
Fluid is pushed out of the capillary into tissue;
45
What happens to blood at the distal end of the capillary?
Blood becomes more viscous and the rate decreases. (STASIS occurs) "blood flow stops"
46
What does Hyperemia account for?*
Swelling, the change in color (redness), increase in Ta, pain, and reduced function
47
What does constriction of endothelial cells within the vessel (basement membrane) do?
Increases the gaps between them | Increased permeability of vessels
48
Increased permeability of vessels can cause what?
Loss of protein (albumin) into tissue - increased osmotic pressure in tissue, therefore blood moves into the tissues and swelling occurs
49
Osmotic:
Solutes
50
Oncotic:
Proteins
51
What is the MC blood protein?
Albumin 55%, responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure within blood vessels preventing fluid escape from the vessels
52
What is the 2nd MC blood protein?
Globulins (immunoglobulins) 40-45% They are ANTIBODIES
53
What is the least common blood protein?
Fibrinogen, 5-7% it maintains homeostasis preventing blood loss.
54
What is special quality that fibrinogen has?
It can scape in the exudate into the tissue causing a decrease in oncotic P in the capillary. As a result, the tissue will produce toxins causing pain
55
Axial blood flow aka:
"Laminar Flow"
56
What is Axial blood flow, aka Laminar flow?
When the components of blood flow at center of vessel they become surrounded by the fluid portion.
57
What does Axial blood flow, aka Laminar flow do?
It minimizes friction between the fluid portion of blood and the wall of vessel (normal flow).
58
Any kind of damage to vessels disrupts what?
Axial blood flow aka laminar flow
59
What is a benefit of inflammation that exudate does?
Brings antibodies, antibodies bind and destroy pathogens
60
What is a benefit of inflammation in regard to toxins?
Any toxins at the injury site are diluted-less damageable for the rest of the tissue
61
What are the 4 types of Exudate?
1) Serous Inflammation 2) Fibrinous Inflammation 3) Suppurative (purulent) inflammation 4) Hemorrhagic inflammation
62
Serous inflammation is:
A large amount of watery exudate
63
What does serous inflammation respond to?
Mild injury in which only fluid is allowed to escape to the interstitial tissue (no or little endothelial retraction)
64
What is an example of serous inflammation?
Common cold, watery discharge from eyes and nose; 2nd degree burns - blisters
65
Why would fibrinogen be in the exudate?
Due to increased permeability of vessels, it causes an enzymatic reaction to turn it into fibrin strands preventing the escape to the interstitial tissue
66
What type of inflammation can be dangerous?
Fibrinous inflammation
67
What is an example of Fibrinous inflammation?
Rheumatic Pericarditis
68
Rheumatic Pericarditis:
(Rheumatic heart disease: acute pericarditis and myocarditis - fibrinoid necrosis - Aschoff's nodules)
69
What does rheumatic pericarditis (fibrinous inflammation) cause?
It causes formation of scar tissue between serous membranes - can hear friction rubbing, this fluid must be removed
70
What is suppurative (purulent) inflammation characterized by?
Presence of pus, hazy/yellowish color
71
What type of inflammation contains enzymes, dead and living cells, and is a source of infection?
Suppurative (purulent) inflammation)
72
Pus can transmit _____
Diseases to other parts of the body
73
What are the 3 types of Suppurative (purulent) inflammation?
1) Abscess 2) Cellulitis 3) Empyema
74
Describe what Abscess category of suppurative inflammation is:
Localized accumulation of pus that develops at a focus when an agent of injury can't be quickly neutralized (localized purulent inflammation)
75
What are 2 examples of abscess (suppurative inflammation)?
Lung Abscess - Formation of cavity due to proteolytic enzymes (TB, cancer) Brain: Parameningeal Abscess
76
What is Cellulitis (Type of suppurative inflammation)?
Diffuse, widespread suppurative inflammation
77
What is Empyema (Type of suppurative inflammation)?
Accumulation of pus in a body cavity or in a certain organ
78
What 2 cavities is empyema found in?
1) Pleural empyema (LESS DANGEROUS) 2) Subdural empyema (close space between arachnid and pia mater) Very dangerous because pus can get into subarachnoid space
79
What is Hemorrhagic Inflammation?
Accumulation of RBC's at site of inflammation. WBC is cellular component
80
Do RBC's participate in inflammatory response?
NO
81
What is Leukocyte Emigration ** (new topic: CELLULAR COMPONENT)
Outpouring of a large amount of WBC's from the blood
82
What are the 2 main components of Leukocyte emigration?
1) It is an active movement, scape of WBC's (takes 10 min) | 2) Only occurs in post capillary venules
83
What is the Leukocyte emigration process of order?
1) Axial aka Laminar blood flow 2) Margination 3) Pavementing 4) Leukocyte Emigration
84
Describe what happens during Axial aka Laminar blood flow:
Cells move down the center of the lumen parallel to the walls, and this assures less friction, no sound
85
Disruption of laminar flow can be heard as ____
Bruit
86
What are the largest of the WBC's?
Leukocytes, and they locate themselves at the center and they are surrounded by RBC's, which are also surrounded by platelets
87
Where are the WBC's located during this Column appearance?
Cells are in the middle, while the fluid portion of blood is more perpheric
88
When injury occurs, what happens to axial blood flow?
Disruption occurs. RBC's become sticky due to releasing chemicals, and they accumulate so they become larger than WBC's and move toward center of the column (REDISTRIBUTION)
89
What is Margination** (Leukocyte Emigration)?
Periphery location of WBC's
90
What happens during Margination?
When WBC's are positioned in the periphery near the vascular endothelium of the column as a result of the redistribution that occurs when the RBC's move to the center of the column
91
When Margination finishes, where are the WBC's?
Close to the vascular endothelium
92
What is Pavementing (Leukocyte formation)?
The leukocytes adhere to the endothelial cell surfaces (stop movement)
93
What happens during Pavementing?
Endothelial cells become sticky and project receptors into the lumen, WBCs are caught in the receptors
94
During Leukocyte Emigration, WBCs that attach to lumen receptors move to _____
A gap between endothelial cells
95
What is the final process of Leukocyte Emigration?
WBC's finally move through the gap between the cells so they end up outside the vessel
96
Where does Leukocyte emigration ONLY take place?
POST CAPILLARY VENULES
97
Leukocyte Emigration is an ______
ACTIVE** process where WBC's move outside the vessel into the site of inflammation
98
Diapedesis is a _____
Passive Scape of RBCs move outside the vessel into the tissue (with or without inflammation)

7 PATH 1 (11 decks)

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