Cellular Component Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 types of blood cells?
A
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
2
Q
What are Polymorphonuclear cells aka
A
Granulocytes
3
Q
What are the Polymorphonuclear aka granulocytes?
A
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
4
Q
What does it mean to be Polymorphonuclear aka granulocyte?
A
All have granules visible under light microscope and have several lobes in their nucleus
5
Q
What is the % of Nucleus?
A
55-60% (most common)
6
Q
What is characteristic of Neutrophils?
A
1st to arrive at site of inflammation (1st line of defense)
7
Q
Are neutrophils phagocytic?
A
YES
8
Q
What is the lifespan of neutrophils?
A
8hr - 3 days
9
Q
What are characteristic of Eosinophils?
A
Red granules in cytoplasms with pink color and have 2 lobes of nuclei
10
Q
What is Eosinophil %?
A
2-4%
11
Q
Are eosinophils phagocytic?
A
YES
12
Q
Basophils have what characteristic?
A
Blue Granules with 2 lobes
13
Q
Basophil %?
A
.5 - 1 %
14
Q
Are basophils phagocytic?
A
NO
15
Q
What is special quality of basophils?
A
They release histamine (with mast cells)
16
Q
Mononuclear aka
A
Agranulocytes (no granules seen under light microscope)
17
Q
What are the 2 Mononuclear aka agranulocytes?
A
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
18
Q
Lymphocytes % ?
A
20-25%
19
Q
Lymphocytes are _____
A
antibodies
20
Q
Monocytes % ?
A
4-8 %
21
Q
What is characteristic of Monocytes?
A
Largest cells in blood
22
Q
What is the life span of monocytes?
A
YEARS
23
Q
What is the process of action in inflammation?
A
Neutrophils and monocytes are the 2 cells that go into the site of inflammation.
24
Q
What do neutrophils do during Inflammation?
A
They are the most abundant (high peak in curve) but their lifespan is short
25
What do monocytes do during inflammation?
Monocytes come in after neutrophils and when they do they receive the name (macrophage) APC and their function is to phagocytose bacteria
26
What are the stages of Phagocytosis?
1) Recognition
2) Engulfing
3) Indigestion
4) Exocytosis
5) Exposure of a fragment on the surface of the phagocytic cell (MHC II)
27
What is Recognition?
Recognition of bacteria and attachment to the site done by Chemotaxis
28
What is Engulfing?
With use of pseudo pods and formation of vesicles
29
What is indigestion?
Killing and degredation/fragmentation by lysosomal enzymes
30
What is exocytosis?
Removal of the fragments
31
What is the 5th step in phagocytosis?
Exposure of a fragment on the surface of the phagocytic cell (MHC II)
32
What are the Phagocytic cells?
MEN
neutrophils, monocyte/macrophage, and basophils
33
What are the 2 types of Phagocytosis?
Oxygen independent and dependent
34
What happens during Oxygen independent phagocytosis?
Lysosomes in macrophages produce and secrete protein that are able to kill intruder
Lysozyme: digests chemical bond of cell wall
Elastase: Digests elastic fibers
Collagenase: Digest collagen
35
What are the 2 enzymes of Oxygen independent phagocytosis?
Enzymes of Macrophages and Neutrophils
36
What are enzymes of Neutrophils?
Defensin - antibody like substance produced in the lysosomes of neutrophils (primary line of defense) (kills the bacteria)
37
What is Oxygen dependent Phagocytosis mean?
Production of free radicals
38
What is the production of free radicals?
Found in granules of phagocytic cells and it has its effect on the lipid mb of the foreign cell
39
What are the 3 things associated with Production of free radicals? (oxygen dependent phagocytosis)
- Superoxide anion
- Hypochlorite anion
- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
40
How is Hydrogen Peroxide Effective?
It kills bacteria by releasing oxygen but this causes the release of alcohol. Mechanical removal due to bubbling and painless process
41
What are the 2 defects associated with Leukocyte Function?
1) Chronic Granulomatous disease of children
| 2) Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
42
What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease of children?
Rare genetic disorder.
The child's phagocytic cells (all of them) are not able to produce free radicals (no oxygen dependent phagocytosis)
43
What happens in Chronic Granulomatous Disease of children?
Child dies at 2 years old due to infection because the mechanism of killing parasites is not present
44
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Genetic Disease.
Impairment of phagocytic cell motility = cannot go to the site of infection at proper time
45
What is the major problem with Chediak Higashi Syndrome?
WBC's are not able to degranulate (release lysozyme from granules)
46
What happens to children in Chediak Higashi syndrome?
They die at 1.5 - 2 due to infection
47
What does inflammation need?
Initiatior and mediator cells
48
What are the 7 initiators of Inflammation?
1) Direct stimulus to mast cells
2) Microbial Products
3) Exposure of basement membrane or connective tissue components
4) Complement activation
5) Deposition of antibody/antigen complexes
6) Disruption of vascular integrity
7) Substances released from injured cells
49
What are the Types of cell mediators: Cell derived and plasma derived? ****
1) Mediators cell-derived of inflammation
| 2) Mediators of inflammation plasma derived
50
What are the Cell Derived Mediators of Inflammation ?
- Histamine
- Seratonin
- Substance P
- Nitric Oxide/Endothelial-Derived Relaxing Factor
- Eicosanoids
- Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
51
Where is Histamine released?
Near the site of inflammation
52
Where is Histamine released from?
Granules of mast cells, basophils or platelets in response to physical injury (trauma, heat, cold) or type 1 Hypersensitivy reaction (allergy)
53
When would Histamine be released?
In response to physical injury or Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)
54
Histamine is released in a process of ______
Degranulation
55
Where is Histamine released from?
Basophils into blood circulation, mast cells are basophils that are fixed in tissues and platelets. Major reservoir of histamine in the body
56
What are the 4 functions of Histamine?
1) Vasodilation
2) Increase permeability of vessels (endothelial retraction)
3) Bronchospasm
4) Increase Mucous Production
57
What is vasodilation?
Relaxation of smooth muscle cells in their sphincters of arterioles (increasing blood flow to capillary bed)
58
What is bronchospasm?
Narrowing of bronchial lumen of respiratory tree
59
How do you increase mucous production?
Increase by the mucous gland in trachio bronchial tree
60
What are the causes of mast cell degranulation?
Physical injury, high/low Ta or Type 1 allergic Reactions --> anaphylotoxins C3a and C5a cause degranulation, neuropeptides (substance P) and cytokines
61
Serotonin aka
Hormone of pleasure
62
Serotonin is produced by _____
platelets
63
Serotonin functions are similar to _____
Histamine
64
What is Substance P (neuro peptide) produced by?
Nervous fibers, peripheral and Central NS (Protection)
65
What area of the body is substance P- neuro Peptide produced by?
Lungs and Gastrointestinal Nervous tissues
66
What is the function of Substance P - neuropeptide?
1) Promotion of nerve conduction for production of pain
2) Regulate BP
3) Increase permeability of blood vessels
67
Nitric Oxide aka
Endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF)
68
What is Nitric oxide aka Endothelial Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) produced by?
Endothelial cells of blood vessels (inner surface of blood vessels), macrophages, and brain neurons
69
What does Nitric Oxide aka EDRF cause?
Smooth Muscles to relax
70
What is Nitric Oxide a mediator of?
Sympathetic Nervous system ( ~ 10%)
71
What are the functions of Nitric Oxide?
1) Vasodilation
2) INHIBITION of the recruitment of neutrophil to the site of inflammation
3) Inhibits the cellular component of inflammation: Inhibit adhesion of WBC's to endothelial cells (PAVEMENTING)
72
What are Eicosanoids?
They are Arachadonic acid metabolites
73
Where do Eicosanoids come from?
Phospholipids of cell membranes
74
What are Eicosanoids made from?
Neutrophils and Macrophages
75
What is under the category of Eicosanoids?
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Lipoxins
76
What is under the category of Prostaglandins?
- PGD2
- PGE2
- PGF2
- Prostacyclin (PGI2)
- Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
- All PGs made by 2 enzymes:
1) COX 1
2) COX 2
77
What is the common denominator in PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2?
They all vasodilator and potentiate edema
78
Where is PGD2 produced?
In Mast cells
79
What does PGD2 induce?
Bronchospasm (asthma)
80
What does PGD2 inhibit?
Hair growth (alopecia and baldness in men)
81
What are the roles of PGE2?
- Promotes Hyperalgesia (pain)
- Induces fever
- Induces LABOR by stimulating uterine contraction and relaxing the cervix
82
What 2 PGE's induce labor?
PGE2 and PGF2
83
What does PGF2 do?
Causes the Corpus Luteum to undergo Luteolysis, this stops progesterone production, and induces labor (miscarriage)
84
What is Prostacyclin aka
PGI2
85
What is Prostacyclin aka PGI2 produced by?
Endothelial cells
86
What does Prostacyclin aka PGI2 do?
Inhibit platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation
87
Thromboxane A2 aka
TXA2
88
What is Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) produced by?
Platelets
89
What is the function of Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)?
Antagonist of PGI2
90
What does Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) do?
Causes vasoconstriction (prevents blood loss) and PROMOTES platelet aggregation
91
All Prostaglandins are _____
Produced via 2 enzymes called cyclooxyrgenases in response of inflammation
92
What does COX-1 do?
Produces normal amounts of PG's, and regulates amount of fluid and salt in kidneys
93
What does COX1 protect?
GI tract from ulceration and irritation
94
Inhibitors of COX 1 ______
ALSO inhibit COX2
95
What are examples of COX1 inhibitors?
NSAIDS, EX:
- ibuprofen (advil)
- Naproxen (aleve)
- Indomethacin and aspirin
96
What can COX1 inhibitors lead to?
Kidney problems and stomach irritation/ulceration due to overproduction of HCL
97
What does Inhibitors of COX1 cause?
Swelling due to impairment of water and salt regulation
98
What does COX-2 Produce?
Extra prostaglandins when needed in addition to the already existing from COX1
99
What are examples of COX2 inhibitors?
Vioxx, celebrex, meloxicam
100
What are COX-2 inhibitors side effects?
Vioxx could result in thrombosis, thromboaneurysm, MI
101
For normal amount of inflammation ______
Body produces enough prostaglandins via COX-1, when more than normal is needed, extras are produced via COX-2
102
What are Leukotrienes qualities?
- Vasoconstriction and balance out vasodilator
- Bronchospasm
- Increased Permeability
103
What is the enzyme that creates Leukotrienes?
5 - Lipoxygenase
104
What do Lipoxins do?
- Vasodilation
- Inhibits Neutrophil chemotaxis
- Stimulates monocyte adhesion
105
What is the enzyme that creates Lipoxins?
12 - Lipoxygenase
106
What are Eicosanoid inhibited by?
Steroids
107
What do steroids inhibit?
The production of arachidonic acid = No Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, or Lipoxins
(By INHIBITION of Phospholipase)
108
What are the most potent inflammatory suppressor?
Corticosteroids
109
What is tumor necrosis factor Produced by?
Activated macrophages and T helper cells
110
What does tumor necrosis factor interfere with?
The immune response accounting with the prevention of tumors
111
What does Tumor Necrosis Factor induce?
Acute inflammatory response
112
What is Tumor Necrosis factor Medication for?
RA, ankylosing Spondylitis, etc.
- Inhibit TNF and my lead to LYMPHOMAS
113
Inhibitng TNF can lead to _____
Production of malignant tumors, and it suppresses the immune system
Increases susceptibility to TB and Herpes Zoster
114
Each cascade stimulated by the activation of _____
Haegman Factor (clotting factor 12)
115
What are the categories under "Plasma Derived Mediators?"
1) Complement system
2) Kinin System
3) Coagulation system/clotting cascade
4) Fibrinolysis system
116
What does the complement system create?
A cascade of chemical reactions that promotes opsonization, chemotaxis, and agglutination, and produces the MAC
117
What do antibodies do in regard to the complement system?
They are NOT part of the cascade reaction, but they PROMOTE INFLAMMATION. They come from plasma in nature
118
What do Anaphylotoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a refer to?
The fragment that has been separated from the complement part
119
What do Anaphylotoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a promote?
Degranulation of mast cells and basophils and the secretion of histamine from granules
120
What does C5a promote?
The production of 5-lipoxygenase activating the pathway of leukotrienes
121
What does the Kinin System do ?
Generates protein capable of sustaining vasodilation and other physical inflammatory effects --> BRADYKININ
122
What does the Coagulation System of Clotting Cascade do?
Forms a protective protein mesh over sites of injury --> THROMBIN
123
What does the Fibrinolysis System do?
Acts in opposition to the coagulation system, to counterbalance clotting and generate several other inflammatory mediators --> PLASMIN.
124
What does the Fibrinolysis system activate?
FXII (negative Feedback)
125
What is the Hageman Factor (Clotting Factor XII)?
A protein that circulates inactively
126
What activates Hageman Factor (Clotting factor XII)?
Collagen, platelets, or exposed basement membranes via conformational change
127
What is the Hageman factor able to do when it is activated?
Able to activate 3 plasma systems involved in inflammation: The kinin system, fibrinolysis system, and coagulation system.
128
What does Bradykinin cause?
Vasodilation, promotes the vascular component of the inflammation, increased permeability of the vessel via Prostacyclin and NO.
129
What is Bradykinin?
A small peptide with short life, very unstable that is destructed 5 min after creation (after 5-10 min)
130
When does lymph become the name, "Lymph?"
Same interstitial fluid but within the capillary vessels
131
What happens during acute inflammation in the lymphatic system?
Lymph also has valves and when the compartments are full with fluid, the pressure opens the valves and fluid moves distal to proximal, and fluid ends in lymph nodes where immune cells reside (triggering an immune response)
132
What is Lymphangitis?
Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel, it appears as a red line
133
During Lymphangitis, what happens?
Infection goes to interstitial fluid --> lymphatic capillaries-> inflammation of lymphatic vessels
134
What does Lymphangitis cause?
Enlarged and painful nodes (if not painful, then metastatic cancer)
135
If the immune system is supressed, what can lymphangitis develop into?
Lymphadenitis
136
What is Lymphadenitis?
Enlarged and painful (inflamed) lymph nodes from accumulation of bacteria
137
Where can Lymphadenitis spread?
Into the rest of lymphatic nodes - systemic circulation - end up in the vena cava
138
What is Bacteremia?
Bacteria in blood
139
What can bacteremia cause?
Septicemia
140
What is Septicemia?
Accumulation of toxic products from bacteria metabolism in blood
141
What does Bacteremia cause?
Leukocytosis (Increase in WBC's more than 9000 leukocytes)
142
Neutrophil %
55-60
143
Lymphocyte %
20-25
144
Monocyte %
4-8
145
Eosinophil %
2-4%
146
Basophil %
.5 - 1
147
What is Leukocytosis?
Increase leukocytes in blood ( > 9000 per 1 cubic mm) due to infected blood
148
What is Netrophilia?
More than 60% indicates acute Bacterial Infection (acute appendicitis)
149
What would Lymphocytosis indicate?
Possible Viral Infection
150
What would Eosinophil indicate?
Allergic Reactions (Type I Hypersensitivty reactions) and Parasitic Infections (WORMS)
151
What would Monocytosis indicate?
Chronic bacterial infection (can increase up to 50% of circulating WBCs)
152
What can Monocytosis be?
Infectious mononucleosis and Lymphadenopathy of neck and upper thoracic lymph nodes
153
Is there Exudate in chronic inflammation?
NO, (exudate is only in acute)
154
What is the cell content of chronic inflammation?
Only consists of cell that live long: Monocytes/Macrophages and lymphocytes
155
What are 5 agents typically involved in chronic inflammation?
1. Mycobacterium TB
2. Mycobacterium Leprae - leprosy
3. Listeria Species - Listeriosis
4. Treponema Pallidum - Syphilis
5. Brucella Species - Brucellosis
156
What does Chronic inflammation arise due to?
- Viral infection
- persistent microbial infection
- Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic substances
- Autoimmune diseases
157
What is Non specific chronic inflammation?
A diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes develops at site of injury
158
What is an example of Non specific chronic inflammation?
Inorganic material (silica) cannot be digested causing Silicosis.
159
If silica or silicosis goes into the lungs what can happen?
They can go into the lungs where the enzymes will try to digest it causing Pneumoconiosis
160
What is Pneumoconiosis?
Silicosis and Asbestosis
161
What is Pneumoconiosis?
Lung disease from inhalation of industrial toxic, fume
162
What happens during Pneumoconiosis ?
Tissue is damaged and replaced with scar tissue
163
What are the 2 types of Chronic inflammation?
1) Nonspecific Chronic inflammation
| 2) Granulomatous Inflammation
164
What is nonspecific chronic inflammation?
A diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes develops at the site of injury
165
What are 2 examples of non specific chronic inflammation?
Pneumoconiosis and Silicosis
166
What is granulomatous Inflammation?
Development of granulomas that contain the bad boys
167
What are epithelial cells?
Activated macrophages
168
What are multinucleate giant cells?
Many macrophages joined together
169
What does IFN-8 do for granulomatous inflammation?
Promoted the production of both epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells
170
Where is a typical example of Granulomatous Inflammation seen?
In primary TB complex
