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Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

response to vascularized tissue injury

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2
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

quick, brief, after first moments after vasoconstriction

blood vessels dilate, leak proteins, neutrophil recruitment

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3
Q

Classic Signs of Inflammation

A

Red, warm, pain, swelling, loss of function

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4
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

T-cell mediated, after duration

-macrophage mediated

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5
Q

Azurophil Granules

A

myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsins, lysozyme

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6
Q

Specific Granules

A

lactoferrin, alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lysozyme

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7
Q

Granulation Tissue

A

fibrin meshwork made by endothelial cells and fibroblasts

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8
Q

Myeloperoxidase

A

H202 –> OCl- (bleach)

causes pus to turn a greenish tinge at air exposure

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9
Q

Hyperemia

A

increased blood flow from dilated arteries

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10
Q

Pus

A

liquid of neutrophils and liquefied body tissues

yellow from necrosis

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11
Q

Purulent

A

adjective for pus

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12
Q

Suppurate

A

verb to make pus

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13
Q

Abscess

A

pus surrounded by normal tissue

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14
Q

Empyema

A

pus filling a body cavity

pleural space

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15
Q

Pseudomonas infections

A

fluorescent-green pus (pyocyanin)

smells like grapes

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16
Q

Clostridial Infections

A

Thin (hydrolyzed), gray (lipolyzed) “dishwater” pus

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17
Q

Left-shifted neutrophil

A

immature neutrophils

seen in severe infections

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18
Q

Leukemoid Reaction vs. Leukemia

A

> 50,000 WBC in the absence of true leukemia

High leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, toxic granulation, lack chromosome markers

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19
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Response

A

multiple organ failure from infection

High levels of IL-1 and TNF-a

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20
Q

First line of defense

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Chediak-Higashi

A 
organelle problems (lysosomes, melanocytes)
-impaired neutrophil action
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22
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

defects in neutrophil kill in staphylococci

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23
Q

Exudate

A

protein-rich fluid released from vessels

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24
Q

Transudate

A

low protein fluid (few cells)

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25
Friction Blister
epidermis detached from dermis
26
Triple Response of Lewis
after scratched & vasoconstriction 1. Local redness (capillaries dilate) 2. Flare surrounding the scratch (capillaries dilate) 3. Swelling/edema surrounds scratch
27
Histamine
released from mast cells - dilates blood vessels - contibute to pain/itching
28
Serotonin
released from platelets | -constricts vessels
29
Bradykinin
produced by kinin-kallikrein system dilates vessels, PGI2 production, pain of inflammation (bronchoconstrictor and inflames airway mucosa)
30
Cyclo-oxygenase
AA --> PG & TX
31
PGE2
causes fever, increased vessel permeability, vessel dilation
32
PGI2
inhibits platelet aggregation and dilates blood vessels
33
TXA2
promotes platelet aggregation and constricts blood vessels
34
Lipo-oxygenase Pathway
if COX is inhibited, AA --> lipo-oxygenase pathway --> LT, 5-HETE, Lipoxins
35
LTB4
promoter of neutrophil attachment and chemotaxis
36
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
constricts vessels, increase permeability, constricts smooth m.
37
Lipoxins
produced by neutrophils and macrophages at end of inflammation
38
C3a
chemoattractant
39
C3b
``` binds microbes via antibodies promotes opsonization (phagocytosis) ```
40
C5a
inflammation promoter - chemotaxis - adhesion molecules - vessel dilation - leaky vessels
41
MAC
made at end of complement system, punches holes in membrane
42
IL-1
produced by macrophages - fever - increased neutrophil production - increased adhesion molecules - leukocyte recruitment - causes fatigue and increased sensitivity to pain
43
Anakinra
blocks IL-1Ra to fight rheumatoid arthritis
44
IFN-gamma
made by T-cells, pro-inflammatory - recruits neutrophils and macrophages - production of IL1, IL12, IL23
45
IL-2
regulates T-cells response to Ag
46
IL-4 / IL-13
anti-inflammatory from M2 | - produce IL-10, TGF-B
47
IL-5
from Th2 and mast cells | -eosinophil attractant
48
IL-6
acute phase reaction | some anti-inflammatory/some inflammatory
49
IL-12
from dendritic macrophages and stimulated B-cells | - T-cells --> Th1 --> IFN-g & TNF-a
50
IL-17
produced by Th17 | -neutrophil and macrophage recruitment
51
TNF
from macrophages - fever - neutrophil production - mediates acute phase reaction - promotes thrombosis - induces apoptosis
52
PDGF
produced by platelets and other mesenchymal cells | -growth of new vessels (scars)
53
TGF-B
activated in plasma - collagen production in scar - fibrosis in chronic inflamm
54
CRP & SAA-protein
produced by liver in response to acute phase reaction
55
Neutrophils
classic bacterial infections, candida, bad injury
56
Lymphocytes
AI, viruses, pertussis
57
Monocytes
mycobacteria, other fungi, typhoid | macrophage when it enters tissue
58
Eosinophils
worms, asthma, hodgkin's, dermatitis, herpetiformis, dermatomyositis, IgE allergy
59
Plasma cells/B-cells
spirochetes (syphilis, Lyme disease)
60
No inflammatory cells
prions, gas gangrene (clostridia)
61
Stages of Inflammation
edema, neutrophils (24 hrs), macrophages (2-4 days)
62
Epithelioid
macrophages sticking together to form a granuloma (mimic epithelium)
63
Langhans Giant Cells
fused macrophages with nuclei in horseshoe formation
64
Fibrin
sealant for wounds, just fibers | "fibrinous"
65
Collagen
structural protein, triple helix | "fibrous"
66
Ulcer
epithelium and CT underneath have gone through necrosis | -covered with fibrin
67
Erosion
loss of epithelium w/out significant damage to CT
68
Pseudomembrane
broad, shallow ulcer | diptheria, C. difficile colitis
69
Factor XIII
crosslinks fibrin
70
Scar
new collagen at injury from damage to CT below lamina propria
71
Labile cells
continuously regenerating themselves | - epidermis, gut epithelium, bone marrow
72
Stable cells
will renew cell populations if members die | - liver, glands, fibroblasts
73
Permanent cells
limited ability to replace lost members | - brain, heart, skeletal m.
74
Steps of Wound Healing
1. Fibrin 2. Granulation tissue 3. Scar formation 4. Scar contracts
75
Exuberant granulation tissue
exaggeration of normal healing with granulation tissue above surface
76
VEGF-A
angiogenic, vessels sprout and grow into fibrin
77
Primary Intention wound healing
"perfect conditions" clean epithelial cut, stable patient | - little fibrin, small scar
78
Secondary Intention wound healing
compromised state, large wound | - lots of fibrin, large scar
79
Myofibroblasts
contract scar | growth from fibroblasts
80
Keloid
overly large scar, expands over time, thick/glassy collagen fibers
81
Hypertrophic scar
clean edges, stops expanding eventually
82
-tomy
cut something
83
-ectomy
cut something out
84
-ostomy
create a hole to outside/between two organs
85
-plasty
reshaped
86
-pexy
move something to right space
87
-rraphy
sewed something up
88
-desis
stick two things together
89
Aching pain
periosteum, tooth, dura, circuit in brain
90
Burning pain
mucosal injury, nerve injury
91
Crampy pain
hollow organ
92
Stabbing pain
serosal membrane

MOD (7 decks)

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