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MOD > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

response to vascularized tissue injury

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2
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

quick, brief, after first moments after vasoconstriction

blood vessels dilate, leak proteins, neutrophil recruitment

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3
Q

Classic Signs of Inflammation

A

Red, warm, pain, swelling, loss of function

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4
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

T-cell mediated, after duration

-macrophage mediated

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5
Q

Azurophil Granules

A

myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsins, lysozyme

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6
Q

Specific Granules

A

lactoferrin, alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lysozyme

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7
Q

Granulation Tissue

A

fibrin meshwork made by endothelial cells and fibroblasts

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8
Q

Myeloperoxidase

A

H202 –> OCl- (bleach)

causes pus to turn a greenish tinge at air exposure

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9
Q

Hyperemia

A

increased blood flow from dilated arteries

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10
Q

Pus

A

liquid of neutrophils and liquefied body tissues

yellow from necrosis

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11
Q

Purulent

A

adjective for pus

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12
Q

Suppurate

A

verb to make pus

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13
Q

Abscess

A

pus surrounded by normal tissue

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14
Q

Empyema

A

pus filling a body cavity

pleural space

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15
Q

Pseudomonas infections

A

fluorescent-green pus (pyocyanin)

smells like grapes

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16
Q

Clostridial Infections

A

Thin (hydrolyzed), gray (lipolyzed) “dishwater” pus

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17
Q

Left-shifted neutrophil

A

immature neutrophils

seen in severe infections

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18
Q

Leukemoid Reaction vs. Leukemia

A

> 50,000 WBC in the absence of true leukemia

High leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, toxic granulation, lack chromosome markers

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19
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Response

A

multiple organ failure from infection

High levels of IL-1 and TNF-a

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20
Q

First line of defense

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Chediak-Higashi

A 
organelle problems (lysosomes, melanocytes)
-impaired neutrophil action
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22
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

defects in neutrophil kill in staphylococci

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23
Q

Exudate

A

protein-rich fluid released from vessels

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24
Q

Transudate

A

low protein fluid (few cells)

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25
Q

Friction Blister

A

epidermis detached from dermis

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26
Q

Triple Response of Lewis

A

after scratched & vasoconstriction

  1. Local redness (capillaries dilate)
  2. Flare surrounding the scratch (capillaries dilate)
  3. Swelling/edema surrounds scratch
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27
Q

Histamine

A

released from mast cells

  • dilates blood vessels
  • contibute to pain/itching
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28
Q

Serotonin

A

released from platelets

-constricts vessels

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29
Q

Bradykinin

A

produced by kinin-kallikrein system
dilates vessels, PGI2 production, pain of inflammation
(bronchoconstrictor and inflames airway mucosa)

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30
Q

Cyclo-oxygenase

A

AA –> PG & TX

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31
Q

PGE2

A

causes fever, increased vessel permeability, vessel dilation

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32
Q

PGI2

A

inhibits platelet aggregation and dilates blood vessels

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33
Q

TXA2

A

promotes platelet aggregation and constricts blood vessels

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34
Q

Lipo-oxygenase Pathway

A

if COX is inhibited, AA –> lipo-oxygenase pathway –> LT, 5-HETE, Lipoxins

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35
Q

LTB4

A

promoter of neutrophil attachment and chemotaxis

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36
Q

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

A

constricts vessels, increase permeability, constricts smooth m.

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37
Q

Lipoxins

A

produced by neutrophils and macrophages at end of inflammation

38
Q

C3a

A

chemoattractant

39
Q

C3b

A 
binds microbes via antibodies 
promotes opsonization (phagocytosis)
40
Q

C5a

A

inflammation promoter

  • chemotaxis
  • adhesion molecules
  • vessel dilation
  • leaky vessels
41
Q

MAC

A

made at end of complement system, punches holes in membrane

42
Q

IL-1

A

produced by macrophages

  • fever
  • increased neutrophil production
  • increased adhesion molecules
  • leukocyte recruitment
  • causes fatigue and increased sensitivity to pain
43
Q

Anakinra

A

blocks IL-1Ra to fight rheumatoid arthritis

44
Q

IFN-gamma

A

made by T-cells, pro-inflammatory

  • recruits neutrophils and macrophages
  • production of IL1, IL12, IL23
45
Q

IL-2

A

regulates T-cells response to Ag

46
Q

IL-4 / IL-13

A

anti-inflammatory from M2

- produce IL-10, TGF-B

47
Q

IL-5

A

from Th2 and mast cells

-eosinophil attractant

48
Q

IL-6

A

acute phase reaction

some anti-inflammatory/some inflammatory

49
Q

IL-12

A

from dendritic macrophages and stimulated B-cells

- T-cells –> Th1 –> IFN-g & TNF-a

50
Q

IL-17

A

produced by Th17

-neutrophil and macrophage recruitment

51
Q

TNF

A

from macrophages

  • fever
  • neutrophil production
  • mediates acute phase reaction
  • promotes thrombosis
  • induces apoptosis
52
Q

PDGF

A

produced by platelets and other mesenchymal cells

-growth of new vessels (scars)

53
Q

TGF-B

A

activated in plasma

  • collagen production in scar
  • fibrosis in chronic inflamm
54
Q

CRP & SAA-protein

A

produced by liver in response to acute phase reaction

55
Q

Neutrophils

A

classic bacterial infections, candida, bad injury

56
Q

Lymphocytes

A

AI, viruses, pertussis

57
Q

Monocytes

A

mycobacteria, other fungi, typhoid

macrophage when it enters tissue

58
Q

Eosinophils

A

worms, asthma, hodgkin’s, dermatitis, herpetiformis, dermatomyositis, IgE allergy

59
Q

Plasma cells/B-cells

A

spirochetes (syphilis, Lyme disease)

60
Q

No inflammatory cells

A

prions, gas gangrene (clostridia)

61
Q

Stages of Inflammation

A

edema, neutrophils (24 hrs), macrophages (2-4 days)

62
Q

Epithelioid

A

macrophages sticking together to form a granuloma (mimic epithelium)

63
Q

Langhans Giant Cells

A

fused macrophages with nuclei in horseshoe formation

64
Q

Fibrin

A

sealant for wounds, just fibers

“fibrinous”

65
Q

Collagen

A

structural protein, triple helix

“fibrous”

66
Q

Ulcer

A

epithelium and CT underneath have gone through necrosis

-covered with fibrin

67
Q

Erosion

A

loss of epithelium w/out significant damage to CT

68
Q

Pseudomembrane

A

broad, shallow ulcer

diptheria, C. difficile colitis

69
Q

Factor XIII

A

crosslinks fibrin

70
Q

Scar

A

new collagen at injury from damage to CT below lamina propria

71
Q

Labile cells

A

continuously regenerating themselves

- epidermis, gut epithelium, bone marrow

72
Q

Stable cells

A

will renew cell populations if members die

- liver, glands, fibroblasts

73
Q

Permanent cells

A

limited ability to replace lost members

- brain, heart, skeletal m.

74
Q

Steps of Wound Healing

A
  1. Fibrin
  2. Granulation tissue
  3. Scar formation
  4. Scar contracts
75
Q

Exuberant granulation tissue

A

exaggeration of normal healing with granulation tissue above surface

76
Q

VEGF-A

A

angiogenic, vessels sprout and grow into fibrin

77
Q

Primary Intention wound healing

A

“perfect conditions” clean epithelial cut, stable patient

- little fibrin, small scar

78
Q

Secondary Intention wound healing

A

compromised state, large wound

- lots of fibrin, large scar

79
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

contract scar

growth from fibroblasts

80
Q

Keloid

A

overly large scar, expands over time, thick/glassy collagen fibers

81
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

clean edges, stops expanding eventually

82
Q

-tomy

A

cut something

83
Q

-ectomy

A

cut something out

84
Q

-ostomy

A

create a hole to outside/between two organs

85
Q

-plasty

A

reshaped

86
Q

-pexy

A

move something to right space

87
Q

-rraphy

A

sewed something up

88
Q

-desis

A

stick two things together

89
Q

Aching pain

A

periosteum, tooth, dura, circuit in brain

90
Q

Burning pain

A

mucosal injury, nerve injury

91
Q

Crampy pain

A

hollow organ

92
Q

Stabbing pain

A

serosal membrane

MOD (7 decks)

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