HIV Infections Flashcards
Pneumocystis jirovecii
“PCP” - pneumocystis pneumonia
- produces lung infection (consolidates alveoli in lungs – filled with microorganisms and sometimes absent inflammatory response)
- anchor to type 1 pneumocytes: material is rarely coughed up
- low CD4 counts ( AIDS
- silver stain, “crushed ping-pong balls”, ground glass opacities of lungs (filled w/ air or fluid)
Kaposi’s sarcoma
tumor caused by infection with human herpevirus 8 (virally induced)
- plaques on skin
- overgrowth of little blood vessels
- PCP = AIDS
What product of PCP can be tested in the blood?
1-3-beta-d-glucan
Mycobacterial infections consist of
TB and atypical mycobacterium
What is the a confined complex of M tuberculosis called?
Ghon Focus or complex
Signs of TB in lungs
caseous necrosis, granuloma formation w/ giant cells, acid-fast bacilli
- worse at apices
- macrophages can form granulomas
Miliary Tuberculosis
invasion of bloodstream (seen in spleen)
What enzymes are active in TB?
Perforin and granulysin (from CD8)
- kill bacteria and own cells
Mycobacterium avium complex
“MAC” - mycobacterium avium/intracellulare
- AIDS opportunists
- RAPID onset (1-2 wks in blood)
- GI involvement (diarrhea)
- CD4
Where does mycobacterium avium commonly produce an infection?
cervical lymph nodes
“scrofula”
Cytomegalovirus (herpes 5)
acquired from saliva, or blood transfusion
- most common presents with chorioretinitis or colitis and CD4
Fetal outcomes of a pregnant mother with CMV
hearing loss or extensive brain damage
- calcium around ventricles
What is a ganciclovir implant used for?
used in eye to control chorioretinitis
Candida in AIDS
- cause oral lesions (CD4
Toxoplasmosis
protozoan Toxoplasma gondii
- cycles between cats and non-cats
- seen in undercooked meat as well
- Primary infection mimics infection mononucleosis
- Diagnosis w/: anti-toxoplasmosis IgM w/out IgG or tachyzoites in fine-need aspirations
- necrosis in brain, ring-enhancing lesions
- opportunistic when pt has Ab and CD4
Cyrptococcus
- single, narrow-based bud (yeast), and gooey capsule
- fungal infection from pigeon shit
- can cause meningoencephalitis: no inflammatory response, headache, mental changes, CN problems, gooey CSF
What stain is used to see cyrptococcus in spinal fluid?
India ink
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
- JC papovirus damages the brain
- CD4
Cryptosporidiosis
infection by C. hominis (human to human) or C. parvum (farm animals)
0 live in brush border of SI (prevents absorption –> diarrhea)
Histoplasmosis
- yeast at 37 degrees (thermally-dimorphic)
- usually from inhalation (starling/bat droppings)
- becomes a Ghon complex and stays dormant
- granulomas by g-IFN (anti-TNF drugs increase risk)
- chronic pulmonary histo has caseous necrosis
Coccidioides immitis
- fungus causes mild lung infection
- “gum ball machine” appearance
- can lead to deadly pneumonia or disseminated infection
Aspergillosis
- fungus that leads to pulmonary disease or disseminated disease
- commonly follow PCP
- 45 degree branching septa
Spirochetosis
in colon, cause of diarrhea
Erythroviruses
parvo B19
- produce mild flu-like illness
- rash and joint pain
- RBC production failure in Pts w/ hemolytic anemia
Bacillary angiomatosis
bartonella species, “cat scratch fever”
- bacterial infection in immune compromised
Nocardiosis
acid-fast bacterium
- can lead to pneumonia, meningitis, disseminated infection
Penicillium marneffei
fungal opportunist in SE Aia
Seborrhea
facial lesions appear as CD4 counts
Hairy Leukoplakia
Epstein-barr virus
- squamous epithelium on tongue proliferates
- hyperkeratotic
Malignant Lymphoma
two types in HIV patients
- early development: B-cell lymphomas
- later development: Epstein-Barr virus (primary brain lymphomas)
AIDS Lymphomas
brain lymphomas around blood vessels
What causes giant cell encephalitis?
macrophages trying to phagocytize each other
- have HIV gp120 on surface
How does HIV incorporate itself into the host genome?
double-stranded RNA, reverse transcriptase to copy it to DNA, other (?)
