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MOD > Cell Adaptation, Injury, Death > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation, Injury, Death Flashcards

1
Q

General Pathology

A

general reactions of cells and tissues to injury

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2
Q

Systemic pathology

A

how mechanisms work in organ systems

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3
Q

Anatomic pathology

A

medical specialty focusing on diagnosing disease

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4
Q

Clinical pathology

A

medical specialty focuses on lab areas (hematology, urinalysis)

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5
Q

Etiology

A

cause of a disease

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6
Q

Pathogenesis

A

how disease develops

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7
Q

Morphology

A

set anatomic changes that are seen in diseases

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8
Q

Functional Disease

A

does not have (known) morphological correlation

- migraine

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9
Q

Becker’s nevus

A

skin on trunk is extra sensitive to testosterone

- hairy patch

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10
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases / unit time

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11
Q

Prevalence (definition)

A

number sick at any one time

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12
Q

Prevalence (calculation)

A

incidence x average duration

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13
Q

Risk

A

situation increasing the chance of getting the disease

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14
Q

Diagnosis

A

name we give disease

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15
Q

Prognosis

A

expected outcome for patient

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16
Q

Congenital disease

A

symptoms/signs at birth

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17
Q

Disease Process

A

mechanism common to many diseases

- inflammation

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18
Q

Biopsy

A

taking tissue from living specimen

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19
Q

Closed biopsy

A

tissue from living without surgical incision

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20
Q

Open biopsy

A

tissue removed from surgery

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21
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

piece of tissue taken from larger structure

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22
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

whole organ/mass is removed

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23
Q

Autopsy/Necropsy

A

tissue is taken from the deceased

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24
Q

Symptoms

A

what patient tells you about problem

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25
Q

Signs

A

findings from physical exams

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26
Q

Syndrome

A

a group of signs/symptoms with a common pathophysiology

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27
Q

Pathognomonic

A

abnormality specific for a disease

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28
Q

Forme Fruste

A

a mild variant of a disease

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29
Q

Pathogen

A

microbe that is causing disease

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30
Q

Agenesis/Aplasia

A

failure of organ to form/grow

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31
Q

Atresia

A

failure to form opening

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32
Q

Stenosis

A

narrowing of lumen

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33
Q

Occlusion

A

blocking a formerly open lumen

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34
Q

Spasm

A

inappropriate muscle contraction

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35
Q

Hypoplasia

A

failure of organ to grow to normal size

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36
Q

Local Gigantism

A

an organ grows disproportionately large

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37
Q

Malformation

A

incorrectly shaped from birth

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38
Q

Syn-/Holo-

A

things did not separate

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39
Q

Supernumerary

A

an extra of something

40
Q

Hamartoma

A

right stuff in right place, wrong arrangement

- mass formation in lung of epithelium

41
Q

Cysts

A

fluid filled, epithelially lined sacks

42
Q

Choristomas

A

good stuff in the wrong place

- sebaceous glands in mouth

43
Q

Pathological Sinus

A

one end of fistula ends in a blind pouch

44
Q

True Diverticulum vs. Pseudodiverticulum

give one example

A

True: covered by muscle layer (Meckel’s)
Pseduo: through muscle layer (Zenker’s)

45
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in mass organ

46
Q

Cachexia

A

complete body wasting from cancer/cytokine activity

- destroys fat over muscle

47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells

48
Q

What form of adaptation does the uterus go through during pregnancy?

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

49
Q

Hyperplasia

A

organ increases number of cells

50
Q

Prayer Mark

A

hyperplasia of epidermis (on forehead)

51
Q

Rhinophyma

A

hyperplasia of sebaceous glands on nose

52
Q

Metaplasia

A

one tissue type replaces another

- stem cells replace old type

53
Q

Anaplasia

A

cells that are abnormal

unlike normal cells

54
Q

Dysplasia

A

anaplasia of epithelium

change of cells that precede cancer

55
Q

Irreversible injury

A

cell death

56
Q

Apoptosis

A

physiologic death

  • programmed cell death
  • no inflammation
57
Q

Necrosis

A

pathologic death

- local inflammation

58
Q

What do nuclei tell you about a cell?

A

alive/dead

59
Q

Pyknosis

A

shrinking of nucleus

60
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

nucleus fragments

61
Q

Karyolysis

A

removal of nucleus

62
Q

What does the cytoplasm tell you about a cell?

A

how the cell died

63
Q

Coagulation Necrosis

A

cells in tact, stiff

-infarcts, free radicals

64
Q

Liquefaction Necrosis

A

no cells, liquefied

  • neutrophils
  • brain infarct
65
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

cheesy appearance, between liquid and solid, similar to coagulative (destroys stroma)

  • tuberculosis (granuloma w/ giant cells)
  • fungi
66
Q

Enzymatic Fat Necrosis

A

fat deposits, saponification

- lipases

67
Q

Hypoxia

A

lack of O2

68
Q

Ischemia

A

lack of blood flow/lack of O2

69
Q

Causes of Hypoxia

A
  1. Hypoxemia (altitude)
  2. Systemic Ischemia (shock)
  3. Local Ischemia
  4. Little O2-carrying capacity (anemia)
70
Q

What causes histotoxic hypoxia?

A

cytochrome failure

71
Q

What is the first sign of reversible injury?

A

Cell swelling

  • PM becomes permeable and Na enters during hypoxia
  • Ca will follow in
72
Q

Color of Necrosis and why?

A

Yellow, free lipids

73
Q

Free Radicals

A

H2O2, O2-, OH-, CCL3-, NO

74
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

masses of virus in nucleus/cytoplasm

- caused by cytopathic viruses

75
Q

Cytolytic Viruses

A

lyse cells in which they grow

no change in morphology

76
Q

Ichthyosis

A

apoptotic cells are not shed from skin

77
Q

What adaptation does the brain undergo after an infarct?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

78
Q

Gangrene

A

visible necrosis, area of ischemia

79
Q

Wet gangrene

A

bacteria gets to tissue before it is dried out

80
Q

Noma

A

necrosis of mouth in malnutrition

81
Q

Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

plasma proteins invade the wall of dead muscular artery

82
Q

What cellular process ceases during ischemia?

A

OxPhos

- no ATP production

83
Q

What organelle mediates apoptosis?

A

Mitochondria

84
Q

Pathologic effects of ROS

A 
Lipid Peroxidation (membrane damage)
Protein modification (breakdown, misfolding)
DNA damage (mutations)
85
Q

Pro-apoptotic pathways

A

Fas/FasL, TNFr, BCL genes

86
Q

Necroptosis trigger

A

TNFR1

- fight viral infections

87
Q

Pyroptosis trigger

A

Caspace 1 –> IL-1b

- remove bacterially-infected cells

88
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

body stiffens after death

89
Q

Livor Mortis

A

black/blue color of skin post-mortem

90
Q

Cadaveric spasm

A

post-mortem muscle contraction

91
Q

Putrefaction

A

series of decaying events during the days following death

92
Q

Fatty Change

A

accumulation of neutral fat cells

93
Q

Amyloid

A

beta-pleated protein that accumulates in local/systemic illnesses

94
Q

Lipofuscin

A

breakdown product of membranes stored in lysosomes

95
Q

Hemosiderin

A

compact storage of iron

- dark red rust

96
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

accumulation of calcium at site of injury

97
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

precipitation of calcium phosphate in healthy tissues from high blood calcium

MOD (7 decks)

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