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MOD > Cell Adaptation, Injury, Death > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation, Injury, Death Flashcards

1
Q

General Pathology

A

general reactions of cells and tissues to injury

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2
Q

Systemic pathology

A

how mechanisms work in organ systems

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3
Q

Anatomic pathology

A

medical specialty focusing on diagnosing disease

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4
Q

Clinical pathology

A

medical specialty focuses on lab areas (hematology, urinalysis)

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5
Q

Etiology

A

cause of a disease

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6
Q

Pathogenesis

A

how disease develops

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7
Q

Morphology

A

set anatomic changes that are seen in diseases

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8
Q

Functional Disease

A

does not have (known) morphological correlation

- migraine

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9
Q

Becker’s nevus

A

skin on trunk is extra sensitive to testosterone

- hairy patch

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10
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases / unit time

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11
Q

Prevalence (definition)

A

number sick at any one time

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12
Q

Prevalence (calculation)

A

incidence x average duration

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13
Q

Risk

A

situation increasing the chance of getting the disease

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14
Q

Diagnosis

A

name we give disease

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15
Q

Prognosis

A

expected outcome for patient

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16
Q

Congenital disease

A

symptoms/signs at birth

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17
Q

Disease Process

A

mechanism common to many diseases

- inflammation

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18
Q

Biopsy

A

taking tissue from living specimen

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19
Q

Closed biopsy

A

tissue from living without surgical incision

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20
Q

Open biopsy

A

tissue removed from surgery

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21
Q

Incisional biopsy

A

piece of tissue taken from larger structure

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22
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

whole organ/mass is removed

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23
Q

Autopsy/Necropsy

A

tissue is taken from the deceased

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24
Q

Symptoms

A

what patient tells you about problem

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25
Signs
findings from physical exams
26
Syndrome
a group of signs/symptoms with a common pathophysiology
27
Pathognomonic
abnormality specific for a disease
28
Forme Fruste
a mild variant of a disease
29
Pathogen
microbe that is causing disease
30
Agenesis/Aplasia
failure of organ to form/grow
31
Atresia
failure to form opening
32
Stenosis
narrowing of lumen
33
Occlusion
blocking a formerly open lumen
34
Spasm
inappropriate muscle contraction
35
Hypoplasia
failure of organ to grow to normal size
36
Local Gigantism
an organ grows disproportionately large
37
Malformation
incorrectly shaped from birth
38
Syn-/Holo-
things did not separate
39
Supernumerary
an extra of something
40
Hamartoma
right stuff in right place, wrong arrangement | - mass formation in lung of epithelium
41
Cysts
fluid filled, epithelially lined sacks
42
Choristomas
good stuff in the wrong place | - sebaceous glands in mouth
43
Pathological Sinus
one end of fistula ends in a blind pouch
44
True Diverticulum vs. Pseudodiverticulum | give one example
True: covered by muscle layer (Meckel's) Pseduo: through muscle layer (Zenker's)
45
Atrophy
decrease in mass organ
46
Cachexia
complete body wasting from cancer/cytokine activity | - destroys fat over muscle
47
Hypertrophy
increase in size of cells
48
What form of adaptation does the uterus go through during pregnancy?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
49
Hyperplasia
organ increases number of cells
50
Prayer Mark
hyperplasia of epidermis (on forehead)
51
Rhinophyma
hyperplasia of sebaceous glands on nose
52
Metaplasia
one tissue type replaces another | - stem cells replace old type
53
Anaplasia
cells that are abnormal | unlike normal cells
54
Dysplasia
anaplasia of epithelium | change of cells that precede cancer
55
Irreversible injury
cell death
56
Apoptosis
physiologic death - programmed cell death - no inflammation
57
Necrosis
pathologic death | - local inflammation
58
What do nuclei tell you about a cell?
alive/dead
59
Pyknosis
shrinking of nucleus
60
Karyorrhexis
nucleus fragments
61
Karyolysis
removal of nucleus
62
What does the cytoplasm tell you about a cell?
how the cell died
63
Coagulation Necrosis
cells in tact, stiff | -infarcts, free radicals
64
Liquefaction Necrosis
no cells, liquefied - neutrophils - brain infarct
65
Caseous Necrosis
cheesy appearance, between liquid and solid, similar to coagulative (destroys stroma) - tuberculosis (granuloma w/ giant cells) - fungi
66
Enzymatic Fat Necrosis
fat deposits, saponification | - lipases
67
Hypoxia
lack of O2
68
Ischemia
lack of blood flow/lack of O2
69
Causes of Hypoxia
1. Hypoxemia (altitude) 2. Systemic Ischemia (shock) 3. Local Ischemia 4. Little O2-carrying capacity (anemia)
70
What causes histotoxic hypoxia?
cytochrome failure
71
What is the first sign of reversible injury?
Cell swelling - PM becomes permeable and Na enters during hypoxia - Ca will follow in
72
Color of Necrosis and why?
Yellow, free lipids
73
Free Radicals
H2O2, O2*-, OH*-, CCL3*-, NO*
74
Inclusion Bodies
masses of virus in nucleus/cytoplasm | - caused by cytopathic viruses
75
Cytolytic Viruses
lyse cells in which they grow | no change in morphology
76
Ichthyosis
apoptotic cells are not shed from skin
77
What adaptation does the brain undergo after an infarct?
Liquefactive necrosis
78
Gangrene
visible necrosis, area of ischemia
79
Wet gangrene
bacteria gets to tissue before it is dried out
80
Noma
necrosis of mouth in malnutrition
81
Fibrinoid Necrosis
plasma proteins invade the wall of dead muscular artery
82
What cellular process ceases during ischemia?
OxPhos | - no ATP production
83
What organelle mediates apoptosis?
Mitochondria
84
Pathologic effects of ROS
``` Lipid Peroxidation (membrane damage) Protein modification (breakdown, misfolding) DNA damage (mutations) ```
85
Pro-apoptotic pathways
Fas/FasL, TNFr, BCL genes
86
Necroptosis trigger
TNFR1 | - fight viral infections
87
Pyroptosis trigger
Caspace 1 --> IL-1b | - remove bacterially-infected cells
88
Rigor Mortis
body stiffens after death
89
Livor Mortis
black/blue color of skin post-mortem
90
Cadaveric spasm
post-mortem muscle contraction
91
Putrefaction
series of decaying events during the days following death
92
Fatty Change
accumulation of neutral fat cells
93
Amyloid
beta-pleated protein that accumulates in local/systemic illnesses
94
Lipofuscin
breakdown product of membranes stored in lysosomes
95
Hemosiderin
compact storage of iron | - dark red rust
96
Dystrophic calcification
accumulation of calcium at site of injury
97
Metastatic calcification
precipitation of calcium phosphate in healthy tissues from high blood calcium

MOD (7 decks)

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