Cell Adaptation, Injury, Death Flashcards
General Pathology
general reactions of cells and tissues to injury
Systemic pathology
how mechanisms work in organ systems
Anatomic pathology
medical specialty focusing on diagnosing disease
Clinical pathology
medical specialty focuses on lab areas (hematology, urinalysis)
Etiology
cause of a disease
Pathogenesis
how disease develops
Morphology
set anatomic changes that are seen in diseases
Functional Disease
does not have (known) morphological correlation
- migraine
Becker’s nevus
skin on trunk is extra sensitive to testosterone
- hairy patch
Incidence
number of new cases / unit time
Prevalence (definition)
number sick at any one time
Prevalence (calculation)
incidence x average duration
Risk
situation increasing the chance of getting the disease
Diagnosis
name we give disease
Prognosis
expected outcome for patient
Congenital disease
symptoms/signs at birth
Disease Process
mechanism common to many diseases
- inflammation
Biopsy
taking tissue from living specimen
Closed biopsy
tissue from living without surgical incision
Open biopsy
tissue removed from surgery
Incisional biopsy
piece of tissue taken from larger structure
Excisional biopsy
whole organ/mass is removed
Autopsy/Necropsy
tissue is taken from the deceased
Symptoms
what patient tells you about problem
Signs
findings from physical exams
Syndrome
a group of signs/symptoms with a common pathophysiology
Pathognomonic
abnormality specific for a disease
Forme Fruste
a mild variant of a disease
Pathogen
microbe that is causing disease
Agenesis/Aplasia
failure of organ to form/grow
Atresia
failure to form opening
Stenosis
narrowing of lumen
Occlusion
blocking a formerly open lumen
Spasm
inappropriate muscle contraction
Hypoplasia
failure of organ to grow to normal size
Local Gigantism
an organ grows disproportionately large
Malformation
incorrectly shaped from birth
Syn-/Holo-
things did not separate
Supernumerary
an extra of something
Hamartoma
right stuff in right place, wrong arrangement
- mass formation in lung of epithelium
Cysts
fluid filled, epithelially lined sacks
Choristomas
good stuff in the wrong place
- sebaceous glands in mouth
Pathological Sinus
one end of fistula ends in a blind pouch
True Diverticulum vs. Pseudodiverticulum
give one example
True: covered by muscle layer (Meckel’s)
Pseduo: through muscle layer (Zenker’s)
Atrophy
decrease in mass organ
Cachexia
complete body wasting from cancer/cytokine activity
- destroys fat over muscle
Hypertrophy
increase in size of cells
What form of adaptation does the uterus go through during pregnancy?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Hyperplasia
organ increases number of cells
Prayer Mark
hyperplasia of epidermis (on forehead)
Rhinophyma
hyperplasia of sebaceous glands on nose
Metaplasia
one tissue type replaces another
- stem cells replace old type
Anaplasia
cells that are abnormal
unlike normal cells
Dysplasia
anaplasia of epithelium
change of cells that precede cancer
Irreversible injury
cell death
Apoptosis
physiologic death
- programmed cell death
- no inflammation
Necrosis
pathologic death
- local inflammation
What do nuclei tell you about a cell?
alive/dead
Pyknosis
shrinking of nucleus
Karyorrhexis
nucleus fragments
Karyolysis
removal of nucleus
What does the cytoplasm tell you about a cell?
how the cell died
Coagulation Necrosis
cells in tact, stiff
-infarcts, free radicals
Liquefaction Necrosis
no cells, liquefied
- neutrophils
- brain infarct
Caseous Necrosis
cheesy appearance, between liquid and solid, similar to coagulative (destroys stroma)
- tuberculosis (granuloma w/ giant cells)
- fungi
Enzymatic Fat Necrosis
fat deposits, saponification
- lipases
Hypoxia
lack of O2
Ischemia
lack of blood flow/lack of O2
Causes of Hypoxia
- Hypoxemia (altitude)
- Systemic Ischemia (shock)
- Local Ischemia
- Little O2-carrying capacity (anemia)
What causes histotoxic hypoxia?
cytochrome failure
What is the first sign of reversible injury?
Cell swelling
- PM becomes permeable and Na enters during hypoxia
- Ca will follow in
Color of Necrosis and why?
Yellow, free lipids
Free Radicals
H2O2, O2-, OH-, CCL3-, NO
Inclusion Bodies
masses of virus in nucleus/cytoplasm
- caused by cytopathic viruses
Cytolytic Viruses
lyse cells in which they grow
no change in morphology
Ichthyosis
apoptotic cells are not shed from skin
What adaptation does the brain undergo after an infarct?
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrene
visible necrosis, area of ischemia
Wet gangrene
bacteria gets to tissue before it is dried out
Noma
necrosis of mouth in malnutrition
Fibrinoid Necrosis
plasma proteins invade the wall of dead muscular artery
What cellular process ceases during ischemia?
OxPhos
- no ATP production
What organelle mediates apoptosis?
Mitochondria
Pathologic effects of ROS
Lipid Peroxidation (membrane damage) Protein modification (breakdown, misfolding) DNA damage (mutations)
Pro-apoptotic pathways
Fas/FasL, TNFr, BCL genes
Necroptosis trigger
TNFR1
- fight viral infections
Pyroptosis trigger
Caspace 1 –> IL-1b
- remove bacterially-infected cells
Rigor Mortis
body stiffens after death
Livor Mortis
black/blue color of skin post-mortem
Cadaveric spasm
post-mortem muscle contraction
Putrefaction
series of decaying events during the days following death
Fatty Change
accumulation of neutral fat cells
Amyloid
beta-pleated protein that accumulates in local/systemic illnesses
Lipofuscin
breakdown product of membranes stored in lysosomes
Hemosiderin
compact storage of iron
- dark red rust
Dystrophic calcification
accumulation of calcium at site of injury
Metastatic calcification
precipitation of calcium phosphate in healthy tissues from high blood calcium
