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MOD > Fluid & Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Fluid & Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Anasarca

A

generalized, sever edema

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2
Q

Effusion

A

liquid in body cavities

pericardial, pleural, peritoneal or joint cavities

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3
Q

Ascites

A

effusion of the peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

Hydrothorax

A

watery fluid in pleural space

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5
Q

Empyema

A

pus/purulent effusion in pleural cavity

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6
Q

Hydropericardium

A

watery fluid in pericardial cavity

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7
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

too much CSF

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8
Q

Hydrocele

A

extra fluid in membrane around testes

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9
Q

Hydrosalpinx

A

too much fluid in fallopian tube

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10
Q

Ileus

A

too much fluid in small bowel

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11
Q

Seroma

A

non-infected fluid in surgical incision

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12
Q

Loculated effusion

A

more than one compartment filled with fluid

- due to scarring

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13
Q

Blister

A

fluid between epidermis and dermis or within epidermis

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14
Q

Bulla

A

big blisters

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15
Q

Vesicles

A

little blisters

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16
Q

Transudate mechanisms

A
  1. Excess total body fluid (iatrogenic, kidney failure)
  2. Increased pressure in small veins of body
  3. Decreased total plasma protein/albumin
  4. Lymphatic vessel obstruction
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17
Q

Lymphedema

A

often due to cancer, surgery/radiation therapy

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18
Q

Filarial disease

A

causes epidemic elephantiasis

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19
Q

Podoconiosis

A

“dust-foot”, sand plugging lymphatics

- seen in desert-dwellers

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20
Q

Milroy’s disease

A

lymphatics are malformed producing lifelong lymphedema

- worse in legs

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21
Q

Orangepeel skin

A

seen in breast signifying cancer plugging dermal lymphatics

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22
Q

Chylous Effusions

A 
damaged lyphatics (thoracic duct)
- turbid, lipid-rich fluid
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23
Q

Exudate mechanisms

A
  1. Leaky vessels (inflammation)
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24
Q

Where can you get non-inflammatory exudates?

A

neovascularization, deep wound healing (granulation tissue), cancer growth

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25
Q

Cardiac edema

A

edema appears first in feet after standing

- heart failure

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26
Q

Renal edema

A

edema appears around eyes

  • total- body water overload
  • low blood albumin
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27
Q

Liver disease

A

edema appears as excess fluid in abdomen

- low blood albumin plus increase resistance from portal venous system

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28
Q

Pulmonary edema is a warning sign for

A

heart failure and pneumonia

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29
Q

Angioedema

A

blood vessels become extra-permeable

- hereditary C1-esterase deficiency (larynx)

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30
Q

Hyperemia

A

increased BF to organ (arterial)

- red and throbs

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31
Q

Congestion

A

decreased BF from organ (venous)

  • purple and doesn’t throb
  • from transudate mechanisms
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32
Q

Where does blood pool after death?

A

around hepatic central vein

- appearance is “nutmeg”

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33
Q

Causes of viscous blood

A

too much IgM, cyroglobulin, high Hgb

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34
Q

Hemorrhage

A

blood cells escape blood vessel

- severity dependent on location

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35
Q

Hematoma

A

enough blood in tissue to palpate

36
Q

Cauliflower ear

A

organization of a hematoma (formation of scar tissue)

37
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in pleural cavity

38
Q

Hemopericardium

A

blood in pericardial sack

39
Q

Hemoperitoneum

A

blood in peritoneal cavity

40
Q

Hemoarthrosis

A

bleeds into a join space

41
Q

Petechiae

A

little bruises

42
Q

Purpura

A

big bruises (> 3 mm)

43
Q

Ecchymoses

A

large bruises over 10 mm

44
Q

What does petechiae in lower eyelid warn us of?

A

Endocarditis

- piece of valve –> ECA –> lower eyelid

45
Q

Dengue

A

complex viral infection

- damages microvasculature

46
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

47
Q

Hematemesis

A

throwing up blood

48
Q

Hematochezia

A

bright red blood from rectum

49
Q

Melena

A

blood digested through gut

50
Q

Thrombus

A

blood solidified within vascular lumen/cardiac chambers

51
Q

Clot

A

blood solidified anywhere in body (not vascular lumen/cardiac chambers)

52
Q

Initiation of hemostatsis

A

arterioles constrict once injury

53
Q

Primary Hemostasis

A

platelets plug injury within seconds

- aggregation and release of granule contents

54
Q

Secondary Hemostasis

A

clotting cascade turning liquid blood solid (minutes)

55
Q

How do you inactivate thrombin

A

Thrombomodulin binds on intact endothelium

- activates protein C –> stopping clot formation

56
Q

What factor cross-links fibrin?

A

Factor XIII

57
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

thrombus formation

  1. injured epithelium
  2. altered blood flow
  3. hypercoaguable blood
58
Q

What is a hallmark sign of a thrombus?

A

Lines of Zahn

59
Q

Recanalization

A

thrombi turn into granulation tissue –> contraction opens little channels

60
Q

Describe a post-mortem thrombus

A

plasma (chicken fat) & sedimented RBC’s (currant jelly)

61
Q

Mural thombus

A

thrombus on the wall of a vessel/chamber

62
Q

Vegetations

A

thrombi on valves

63
Q

White Clot Syndrome

A

“Heparin induced thrombocytopenia”

  • antibodies against complex of heparin and PF-4
  • platelets become white clots –> thrombocytopenia
64
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

blood clotting is activated throughout circulating bloodstream
- platelets are consumed and plasmin is activated

65
Q

Schistocytes and thrombocytopenia

A

DIC

fragmented red cells, too few platelets

66
Q

Causes of DIC

A
  1. Thromboplastin gets into blood
  2. Damaged endothelium
  3. Both mechanisms (bad trauma, infarcts)
67
Q

Paradoxical embolus

A

systemic v –> systemic a

68
Q

Fat embolism

A

commonly fracture of long bone

- can get petechiae in white matter

69
Q

What embolus is formed during cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

A

Bone marrow embolus from broken ribs

70
Q

Cholesterol emboli

A

form from atherosclerotic plaque

71
Q

What causes talc granulomas in lung?

A

IV heroin use

72
Q

White Infarct

A

Arterial insufficiency, not reperfused

- single blood supply

73
Q

Red Infarcts

A

Venous insufficiency or reperfused

- dual blood supply (liver, lungs)

74
Q

Infarcts

A

area of ischemic necrosis from loss of blood supply

75
Q

Shock

A

systemic hypoperfusion

76
Q

Watershed infarcts

A

necrosis at places farthest from arterial supply

77
Q

Cardiac Shock

A

MI, PE, rupture, diphtheria, poisons, tamponade

78
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Hemorrhage, sweat/vomiting/diarrhea

79
Q

Lost vascular tone shock

A

septic/total body inflammation, anaphylactic, meds, neurogenic

80
Q

Compensated Shock

A

shunting blood to brain and heart

  • underperfusion of gut/kidneys/skin
  • patient feels cold
81
Q

Calculation for shock

A

heart rate/systolic BP > 0.7

82
Q

Progressive/Decompensated Shock

A

patient is going anaerobic

  • kidney and liver cells mostly dead
  • anaerobic metabolism increases lactic acid –> brings pH down –> dilates arteries and blood pools, interferes with heart function
83
Q

Irreversible Shock

A

death is coming

- lysozymes digesting cells

84
Q

Sepsis

A

bacteria flourishing in bloodstream

  • need Rx or fatal
  • patient feels warm
85
Q

Most common cause of Sepsis

A

gram-positive cocci

86
Q

Cyanosis

A

> 5 gm of unO2 Hb in glood

- poor oxygenation, poor perfusion, cold body part

MOD (7 decks)

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