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2a - pathology lectures > inflammation > Flashcards

inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A
  1. rubor/redness (from dilation)
  2. calor/increased heat (from increased blood flow)
  3. tumor/swelling (from acclamation of fluid)
  4. dolor/pain (Due to stretching and distribution of the tissues)
  5. functio laesa/loss of function
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2
Q

what are the first cells on the scene of acute inflammation? (these are the diagnostic histological feature of ACUTE inflammation)

A

neutrophil polymorphs

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3
Q

what do the neutrophil polymorphs do during acute inflammation?

A
  • release enzymes that kill bacteria
  • release chemicals that attract other inflammatory cells (macrophages)
  • phagocytose pathogens
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4
Q

what are the 4 stages of neutrophil action in acute inflammation?

A
  1. margination - move to peripheral parts of vessels
  2. adhesion - adhere to endothelium
  3. emigration - migrate out of the vessel, into the tissue
  4. diapedesis -RBCs also escape from vessels passively due to hydrostatic pressure
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5
Q

what are the 2 types of cells you would expect to be more present in chronic inflammation?

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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6
Q

what are the roles of macrophages?

A

Ingest bacteria
Carry debris
Antigen Present to lymphocytes
Secrete chemical mediators essential for chemotaxis

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7
Q

what are the different types of lymphocyte involved in chronic inflammation?

A

B - differentiate into plasma cells to make antibodies
T - provide cell-mediated immunity

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8
Q

what is the role of endothelial cells in inflammation?

A
  • Become sticky in areas of inflammation so inflammatory cells adhere to them
  • Become porous to allow inflammatory cells to pass into tissues
  • Grow into areas of damage to form new capillary vessels
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9
Q

what is the role of fibroblasts in inflammation?

A

Form collagen in areas of chronic inflammation and repair

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10
Q

what is meant by acute inflammation?

A

A local physiological response to tissue injury. this is the initial reaction

Sudden onset
Short duration
Usually resolves
Lots of neutrophiles

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11
Q

what is meant by chronic inflammation?

A

= the subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response
Slow onset or sequel to acute
Long duration
May never resolve
Lots of lymphocytes

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12
Q

what are the 3 processes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. vessels get wider to bring blood and cells into site of inflammation
  2. vascular permeability and formation of fluid exudate
    - permeability due to chemical mediators and vasodilation
    - exudate is protein rich fluid filled with cells need for inflammation. it leaks out of the vessels causing swelling
  3. Formation of the cellular exudate
    - Emigration and accumulation of the neutrophil polymorphs into the extracellular space forms cellular exudate
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13
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

the attraction of cells to site through release of chemicals: process by which neutrophils move to inflammation site, attracted to inflammatory mediators released

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14
Q

what are the 4 different outcomes that can come from acute inflammation?

A
  1. resolution - complete restoration of the tissues to normal
  2. suppuration - the formation of pus, a mixture of living, dying and dead neutrophils and bacteria, cellular debris and globules of lipid. leads to granulation tissue forming (scarring)
  3. organisation - tissue replacement by granulation tissue as part of the process of repair. (fibrosis)
  4. progression to chronic inflammation
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15
Q

give 4 examples of causes of acute inflammation?

A

Microbial infections e.g. viruses
Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. parasites, hay fever
Physical agents e.g. trauma/ radiation
Chemicals e.g. corrosives/ acids

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16
Q

give 3 examples of causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Autoimmunity -immune responses of an organism against its own cells and tissues

Transplant rejection

Progression from acute inflammation

17
Q

what are the main differences of chronic inflammation compared to acute?

A
  1. no neutrophils
    2 . less swelling because less exudate formed
  2. Inflammation and repair happen at same time
  3. fibrosis (Scarring).
18
Q

what are granulomas?

A

a collection of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages) during chronic inflammation

19
Q

how do you detect a systemic granulomatosis disease ?

A
  • granulomas excrete ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
  • Therefore if someone has high ACE levels in their blood, that indicates that they have a systemic granulomatosis disease
20
Q

what is granulation tissue?

A

an important component of healing and comprises small blood vessels in a connective tissue matrix with myofibroblasts

21
Q

give 4 ways to treat inflammation?

A
  1. ice it - prevents vasodilation, so less fluid leaking, so reduces swelling
  2. antihistamines - block histamine (a mediator)
  3. steroid creams - downregulate chemical mediators
  4. aspirin or ibuprofen -inhibits prostaglandins synthetase (prostaglandin is a chemical mediator)
22
Q

what role does chemical mediators play in inflammation?

A

responsible for the spread of the acute inflammatory response

specifically they cause:

vasodilation, (increased blood flow)
emigration of neutrophils,
Chemotaxis,
increased vascular permeability
itching and pain

23
Q

name 2 chemical mediators

A

histamine and thrombin

Bradykinin

NO

24
Q

describe the difference in patterns of cells at acute vs chronic inflammation sites

A

Acute
- Polymorph neutrophils with later macrophages

Chronic
- Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
- Sometimes groups of epithelioid macrophages (granulomas)

25
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce collagen in fibrous scarring?

A

Fibroblasts

26
Q

give an example of acute inflammation

A

Appendicitis

27
Q

give an example of a disease in which Granulomatous inflammation occurs in

A

Crohn’s disease

+ TB, leprosy, and sarcoidosis.

28
Q

give an example of chronic inflammation

A

tuberculosis

29
Q

give an example of chronic inflammation that wasn’t a progression of acute

A

Infectious mononucleosis ( a viral infection therefore not acute as more lymphocytes)

30
Q

give a benefit of inflammation

A

Inflammation can destroy invading micro-organisms and can prevent the spread of infection.

31
Q

Give a disadvantage of inflammation.

A

Inflammation can produce disease and can lead to distorted tissues with permanently altered function.

32
Q

What are 4 systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Fever.
  2. Feeling unwell.
  3. Weight loss.
  4. Reactive hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system.
33
Q

Give examples of primary chronic inflammation

A
  1. Infective substances having resistance to phagocytosis e.g. TB, leprosy.
  2. Endogenous materials e.g. uric acid crystals.
34
Q

What are some macroscopic features of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Chronic ulcer.
  2. Chronic abscess cavity.
  3. Granulomatous inflammation.
  4. Fibrosis.
35
Q

define abscess

A

Acute inflammation with a fibrotic wall.

2a - pathology lectures (9 decks)

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