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RMC Patho Exam 2 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of responses does inflammation use?

A

Physiologic and pathologic

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2
Q

Inflammation responses are intended to do what three things?

A
  1. Stop whatever caused the injury
  2. Remove the damaged tissue
  3. Generate new tissue
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3
Q

How to inflammatory responses do their jobs?

A

By destroying, digesting, walling off, of otherwise neutralizing harmful agents

Use whatever force is necessary -cool cop puts on shades and walks off screen-

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4
Q

What agents do inflammatory responses go after?

A

Toxins
Foreign agents
Infectious organisms

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5
Q

List the three steps of acute inflammation

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Cellular phase
    »>Leukocyte activation and phagocytosis
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6
Q

The vascular phase of acute inflammation is characterized by

A

Changes in small blood vessels at the site of injury

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7
Q

What happens to the blood vessels near an injury when it first happens?

A

They briefly vasoconstrict (small) and then vasodilate (big)

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8
Q

What is the primary cause of the vasodilation that occurs with an injury?

A

Mast cells (immune cells that contribute to homeostasis of immune system)

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9
Q

Mast cells release ___ which causes ___

A

Histamine causes vasodilation

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10
Q

Histamine binds to ___ which cause ___

A

The cell receptors on the endothelial cells

The cells to become more permeable

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11
Q

The complement system forms a cascade which increases ___ and acts to ___

A

Increases vascular permeability and vasodilation

Acts to improve the process of phagocytosis

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12
Q

Explain what happens when a system “cascades”

A

One component is activated and the others are automatically activated in an orderly fashion

dominoes except they’re not falling over

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13
Q

What is released by the Kinin system?

A

Bradykinin

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14
Q

Bradykinin does what?

A

Increases vascular dilation of blood vessels

Acts as a mediator for pain

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15
Q

How long does the actions of bradykinin last?

A

Short lived

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16
Q

Increased blood flow to an injured area brings what?

A

Leukocytes
Clotting factors
The complement and Kinin systems

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17
Q

What is the purpose of leukocytes (phagocytes) in inflammator response?

A

They come in and destroy invading organisms

bouncer, ready to throw hands

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18
Q

List the five cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Tumor (swelling)
  3. Calor (heat)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Functio Laesa (loss of function)
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19
Q

Blood flows into the injured area, pressure is put on the vascular wall and this increases

A

Capillary permeability

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20
Q

Because of increased capillary permeability in inflammatory response, what happens to the exudate?

A

It goes out into the tissue and increases the osmotic pressure

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21
Q

With exudate in the tissue, fluid goes where? What happens in return?

A

Fluid goes into the interstitial spaces

This causes swelling, pain, and lack of function

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22
Q

What happens as fluid moves out of the capillary?

A

Blood flow slows and clotting occurs

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23
Q

Clotting and slowed blood flow helps to do what in inflammatory response?

A

helps to localize the inflammatory process and decrease infection

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24
Q

In the cellular stage of acute inflammation, leukocytes do what?

A

Margination - move towards the periphery of the vessel and accumulate

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25
Q

Explain adhesion

A

Blood flow slows, cytokine messenger ask endothelial cells to send out cell adhesion molecules - allow leukocytes to adhere to the endothelium cells

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26
Q

Once leukocytes adhere to endothelium cells in the cellular stage of acute inflammation, the endothelial cells separate why?

A

To create gaps for the leukocytes to migrate through to the injured tissues

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27
Q

Chemotaxis is the

A

Movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus

for inflammation, cells can identify where an injury is because of the chemical stimulus The Marco-Polo of cells

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28
Q

Leukocytes use chemotaxis to

A

Find the site of the injury

29
Q

Once leukocytes have found the injury site, what do happens?

A

They are activated to destroy the microbes (microorganisms; bacterium) through phagocytosis

30
Q

The manifestations of inflammation may be produced by

They may be from __ or __

A

Chemical mediators

May be from the mast cells or the complement and kinin systems

31
Q

Ulcerations refers to a site of inflammation where skin or lining has become

A

necrotic and eroded

essentially open wounds inside or outside the body

32
Q

Describe serous exudate

A

Watery exudate
Low in protein content

think serous = serum = watery

33
Q

Hemorrhagic exudate occurs when

A

There is severe tissue injury which damages BLOOD VESSELS or leakage from blood vessels

Hemorrhage = bleeding out

34
Q

Fibrinous exudate contains

Form what?

A

Large amounts of fibrinogen

Thick and sticky meshwork (like a blood clot)

35
Q

Membranous or pseudomembranous exudate develops

Composed of

A

A mucous membrane surface

Necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibrinopurulent exudate

36
Q

Purulent exudate contains ___ which is composed of (3)

A

Pus

  1. Degraded WBCs
  2. Proteins
  3. Tissue debris
37
Q

Acute inflammation is the body’s

A

Immediate protective response of local tissues and their blood vessels to injury

all hands on deck, emergency situation (acute)

38
Q

Acute inflammation is critical for

A

Restoration of tissue homeostasis

39
Q

Acute inflammation can be triggered by

A 
Infections
Spider bites
Blunt injuries
Burns
Tissue necrosis
40
Q

The goal of acute inflammation is to

A

Eliminate injurious agents and limit tissue damage

41
Q

What is the timeline of acute inflammation and adaptive immunity?

A

Acute inflammation happens before adaptive immunity

42
Q

Acute inflammation lasts for

A

A few minute to several days

43
Q

Acute inflammation is characterized by

A

Plasma and cellular driven mediators

44
Q

Which phagocyte is the most important in acute inflammation?

A

Leukocyte

> Specifically the neutrophil

45
Q

Which type of inflammation is characterized by exudate and has the 5 cardinal signs?

A

Acute inflammation

46
Q

Chronic inflammation may occur if

A

Acute inflammation is not successful in healing the injury

47
Q

Chronic inflammation can last for

A

Years

48
Q

Chronic inflammation is characterized by an infiltration by

This leads to what?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts

  1. Inflammation
  2. Fibroblast proliferation
  3. Scarring and deformity
49
Q

List the two types of chronic inflammation

A

Nonspecific inflammation

Granulomatous inflammation

50
Q

In nonspecific chronic inflammation, there is an acute accumulation of

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes at the site of injury

51
Q

In granulomatous chronic inflammation, a ___ seals off ___

Example:

A

Granulomatous lesion

The invading organism

Example: Tuberculosis

52
Q

The most prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation are

A

Increased in WBCS (leukocytosis)
Fever
Elevated ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
Enlargement of lymph nodes

ESR measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube
» High ESR means inflammation (clotting quickly because of an injury)

53
Q

Would you expect to see mature or immature white blood cells coming into battle as the infection progresses?

A

Immature
> the body uses the WBCs already prepared (mature) so the bone marrow starts shooting our immature WBCs quickly to try to help

Like no one will notice children are fighting instead of adults, bone marrow!!

54
Q

Most biochemical processes in the body are affected by

A

Changes in temp

55
Q

How does body temperature affect biochemical processes?

A

It can slow it down or speed it up

56
Q

Fever is the body’s response to

A

An endogenous pyrogen in response to infectious/noninfectious disorders

substances that originate in the body and can cause a fever

57
Q

What is the body’s thermostat?

A

Hypothalamus

58
Q

How does the hypothalamus control temperature?

A

It receives information from thermoreceptors (detect hot and cold), then compares that info with the set point (the temp within the body’s normal range)

59
Q

A fever is an increase in body temp that results from

A

An increase in the set point of the thermostatic center in the hypothalamus

60
Q

What are examples of non-infectious disease processes that can cause fevers?

A

Heart attack
Cancer
Autoimmune diseases

61
Q

What are the stages of a fever?

A

Prodromal Period
Chill
Flush
Defervescence

62
Q

During the prodromal (first) period of a fever a patient would make what kind of complaints? Examples?

A

Nonspecific complaints

Mild headache
Fatigue
General malaise
Fleeting aches and pains

63
Q

During the chill (second) stage of a fever, you would expect

A

The patient would be chilled and have generalized shakes (rigors)/shivering
Vasoconstriction (remember, constrict first for a short time, then dilation)
Pallor

64
Q

During the flush (third) stage of a fever there would be

A

Cutaneous vasodilation

Skin becomes warm and flushed

65
Q

During the defervescence (fourth) stage of a fever, the patient would be

A

Sweating

66
Q

Describe an elderly patient’s baseline temperature

How would this affect your judgement of a fever as a nurse?

A

Normally have a lower baseline temperature than younger patients

Even a small increase in an older patient might indicate a fever/serious infection

67
Q

Older adults might have a ___ reaction to infection

A

Decreased or blunted

68
Q

How might infections present in and elderly patient?

A

Confusion
Agitation
Weight loss

RMC Patho Exam 2 (6 decks)

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