infertility and ART Flashcards
what proportion of fertility problems are due to men?
4 out of 10
what is oligozoospermia?
low sperm count- 1 in 20 men have it
what is athenozoospermia?
low sperm motility
what is tetratozoospermia?
abnormal sperm
azoospermia?
no sperm
what other problems may cause male infertility?
hormone imbalance, tumours, tube bloackages, undescended testicles
what are the common causes of ovulation problems in women?
age, hormone imbalance, PCOS, under/overactive thyroid glands, premature menopause
other causes of female infertility?
uterus/fallopian tube damage, infection, pelvic inflammatory diseases, enomedriosis
what was IVF success rate in 2014?
26.5%
what drugs are given to the woman before iVF?
drugs that stop ovulation and stimulate production of a large number of eggs (eg by giving FSH)
what must happen to the sperm before IVF?
must be given factors that stimulate capacitation
what happens in in vitro maturation?
oocytes collected when follicles in antral stage, cultured in presence of FSH prior to fertilisation via IVF or ICSI
what is the advanatge of in vitro maturation?
women doesnt need to take drugs
what happens in ICSI?
sperm/spermatids injected directly into egg cytoplasm
what is ICSI especially good for?
non-motile sperm and by passing normal fertilisation
what happens in GIFT?
eggs and sperm combined in vitro then immediately inserted into fallopian tube- fertilisation happens inside the body
what happens in ZIFT?
eggs and sperm combined in vitro but fertilisation occurs before embryos inserted into fallopian tubes
two methods for cyropreservation
slow freezing and rapid freezing with cryoprotectants
what technique resulted in a live birth in 2016?
spindle transfer
how is therapeutic cloning carried out?
embryo created using SCNT, pluripotent ESCs harvested from inner cell mass of blastocyst, ESC can then differenciate into many cell types
what can artifical gametes be made from?
germline stem cells, ESCs, induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic cells, in vitro differentitation with/without autotransplantation
what artificial gametes have been made in humans?
immature eggs grown from stem cells and in vitro development of oocytes from primordial follicles
how are ARt babies weight affected?
have lower birth weight, gestational age and more frequent premature births
what disorders are more likely with ART babies?
cerebal palsey, imprinting disorders, cardiovascular disorders, lower insulin levels
what may be other reasons for this increase in ART baby abnormalities?
multiple births can increased birth defects, increased chromosomal abnormalities probably due to underlying infertility, older mother age, risk behaviours
