infertility and ART

Question 1

what proportion of fertility problems are due to men?

Answer 1

4 out of 10

Question 2

what is oligozoospermia?

Answer 2

low sperm count- 1 in 20 men have it

Question 3

what is athenozoospermia?

Answer 3

low sperm motility

Question 4

what is tetratozoospermia?

Answer 4

abnormal sperm

Question 5

azoospermia?

Answer 5

no sperm

Question 6

what other problems may cause male infertility?

Answer 6

hormone imbalance, tumours, tube bloackages, undescended testicles

Question 7

what are the common causes of ovulation problems in women?

Answer 7

age, hormone imbalance, PCOS, under/overactive thyroid glands, premature menopause

Question 8

other causes of female infertility?

Answer 8

uterus/fallopian tube damage, infection, pelvic inflammatory diseases, enomedriosis

Question 9

what was IVF success rate in 2014?

Answer 9

26.5%

Question 10

what drugs are given to the woman before iVF?

Answer 10

drugs that stop ovulation and stimulate production of a large number of eggs (eg by giving FSH)

Question 11

what must happen to the sperm before IVF?

Answer 11

must be given factors that stimulate capacitation

Question 12

what happens in in vitro maturation?

Answer 12

oocytes collected when follicles in antral stage, cultured in presence of FSH prior to fertilisation via IVF or ICSI

Question 13

what is the advanatge of in vitro maturation?

Answer 13

women doesnt need to take drugs

Question 14

what happens in ICSI?

Answer 14

sperm/spermatids injected directly into egg cytoplasm

Question 15

what is ICSI especially good for?

Answer 15

non-motile sperm and by passing normal fertilisation

Question 16

what happens in GIFT?

Answer 16

eggs and sperm combined in vitro then immediately inserted into fallopian tube- fertilisation happens inside the body

Question 17

what happens in ZIFT?

Answer 17

eggs and sperm combined in vitro but fertilisation occurs before embryos inserted into fallopian tubes

Question 18

two methods for cyropreservation

Answer 18

slow freezing and rapid freezing with cryoprotectants

Question 19

what technique resulted in a live birth in 2016?

Answer 19

spindle transfer

Question 20

how is therapeutic cloning carried out?

Answer 20

embryo created using SCNT, pluripotent ESCs harvested from inner cell mass of blastocyst, ESC can then differenciate into many cell types

Question 21

what can artifical gametes be made from?

Answer 21

germline stem cells, ESCs, induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic cells, in vitro differentitation with/without autotransplantation

Question 22

what artificial gametes have been made in humans?

Answer 22

immature eggs grown from stem cells and in vitro development of oocytes from primordial follicles

Question 23

how are ARt babies weight affected?

Answer 23

have lower birth weight, gestational age and more frequent premature births

Question 24

what disorders are more likely with ART babies?

Answer 24

cerebal palsey, imprinting disorders, cardiovascular disorders, lower insulin levels

Question 25

what may be other reasons for this increase in ART baby abnormalities?

Answer 25

multiple births can increased birth defects, increased chromosomal abnormalities probably due to underlying infertility, older mother age, risk behaviours